feat(vom): actions refactor

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo test --workspace --locked
 
   windows-daemon:
-    name: Windows daemon, installer and cancellation regression tests
+    name: Windows daemon and update regression tests
     runs-on: windows-latest
 
     steps:
@@ -55,16 +55,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run Windows update tests
         run: cargo test -p bsk --lib --locked cli::update::tests
 
-      - name: Run Windows update and cancellation process tests
+      - name: Run Windows update process tests
-        run: cargo test -p bsk --test windows_update --test windows_parent_cancel --locked
+        run: cargo test -p bsk --test windows_update --locked
-
-      - name: Run installer tests (Windows PowerShell 5.1)
-        shell: powershell
-        run: ./scripts/install-windows.test.ps1
-
-      - name: Run installer tests (PowerShell 7)
-        shell: pwsh
-        run: ./scripts/install-windows.test.ps1
 
   frontend:
     name: Frontend lint, typecheck, tests, build

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -5,24 +5,7 @@ The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/).
 
 Starting from 0.2.0, CLI / Extension / DSH Plugin share the same version number.
 
-## [0.2.1] - 2026-09-09
+## [Unreleased]
-
-### Changed
-- DSH Plugin: clarified installation, configuration, profile restart, and upgrade instructions
-
-### Fixed
-- CLI: reliable Windows self-updates, including executable replacement and daemon restart
-- CLI: Windows named-pipe connection continuity and stale daemon process detection
-- Windows installer: PowerShell 5.1 compatibility, path quoting, and staged executable replacement
-- CLI / DSH Plugin: cancellation propagation and upload/download cleanup when the parent process exits
-- Extension: tab ownership and session cleanup when agent tabs fail to open or borrowed tabs are returned or closed
-- Extension: navigation recovery when other extensions restrict Chrome DevTools Protocol access
-- Extension: background input filling, automatic append behavior, and verification of field values before reporting success
-- Extension: match observed form state to the correct element after page changes
-- Extension: UUID generation fallback for recording and overlays on insecure origins
-- Browser locale matching for regional language variants
-- DSH Plugin: observation state synchronization, thumbnail capture lifecycle, and stale preview cleanup
-- DSH Plugin: removed the obsolete client runtime host dependency
 
 ## [0.2.0] - 2026-09-02
 

Cargo.lock

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bsk"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bsk-protocol"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "semver",

Cargo.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ members = [
 default-members = ["crates/bsk-cli"]
 
 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.0"
 edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.85"
 license = "MIT"
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ rand = "0.8"
 uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
 
 # Workspace crates (version required for `cargo publish` of dependents)
-bsk-protocol = { version = "0.2.1", path = "crates/bsk-protocol" }
+bsk-protocol = { version = "0.2.0", path = "crates/bsk-protocol" }
 
 [profile.release]
 strip = "symbols"

README.md

@@ -147,26 +147,20 @@ Start a new Agent session and write a prompt that needs the browser, for example
 Using [DeepSeek Harness](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness) (`dsh`)?
 BrowserSkill ships a first-class dsh plugin on npm as
 [`@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin).
-It gives the agent native `browser_*` tools and a live view of its browser sessions
+It injects native `browser_*` tools (no shelling out to `bsk`) and a live Web UI
-in the Web UI. The plugin runs `bsk` on the agent's behalf.
+overlay of each Agent Window.
 
-Install the `bsk` CLI and connect the browser extension first. Then add the plugin
+Add it to a dsh profile, then start that profile:
-to a dsh profile and start it (replace `web` with your profile name):
 
 ```sh
 dsh plugin --profile web add @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin
 dsh --profile web
 ```
 
-The plugin includes the `browser-skill` skill, so `bsk install-skill` is not needed
+The plugin carries its own copy of the skill, so `bsk install-skill` is not needed
-for dsh. Installed plugins do not update automatically. To upgrade this plugin:
+for dsh — but the `bsk` CLI and the browser extension are still prerequisites. See
-
+the [plugin README](packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/README.md) for the tool list,
-```sh
+configuration, and the observation overlay.
-dsh plugin --profile web update @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin --latest
-```
-
-Restart the profile after upgrading. See the
-[plugin README](packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/README.md) for usage and configuration.
 
 ## How It Works
 

README.zh-CN.md

@@ -125,22 +125,16 @@ bsk install-skill
 
 ## DeepSeek Harness 插件
 
-在用 [DeepSeek Harness](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness)（`dsh`）？BrowserSkill 提供了官方 dsh 插件，已发布到 npm：[`@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin)。它为 Agent 提供原生 `browser_*` 工具，由插件代为调用 `bsk`，并在 Web UI 中实时展示浏览器会话。
+在用 [DeepSeek Harness](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness)（`dsh`）？BrowserSkill 提供了官方 dsh 插件，已发布到 npm：[`@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin)。它会注入原生 `browser_*` 工具（无需再通过 Shell 调用 `bsk`），并在 Web UI 中实时观察每个 Agent Window。
 
-先安装 `bsk` CLI 并连接浏览器扩展，再将插件装进 dsh profile 并启动（将 `web` 替换为你的 profile 名称）：
+把它装进某个 dsh profile，然后启动该 profile：
 
 ```sh
 dsh plugin --profile web add @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin
 dsh --profile web
 ```
 
-插件自带 `browser-skill` skill，所以在 dsh 下无需执行 `bsk install-skill`。已安装的插件不会自动更新；升级此插件请运行：
+插件自带 skill，所以在 dsh 下无需执行 `bsk install-skill`；但 `bsk` CLI 和浏览器扩展仍是前置条件。工具清单、配置项与观察浮层见[插件 README](packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/README.md)。
-
-```sh
-dsh plugin --profile web update @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin --latest
-```
-
-升级后重启该 profile。用法与配置见[插件 README](packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/README.md)。
 
 ## 工作原理
 

apps/extension/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@browser-skill/extension",
-  "version": "0.2.1",
+  "version": "0.2.0",
   "private": true,
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {

apps/extension/src/session-manager/__tests__/ref-store.test.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ describe("RefStore", () => {
       backendNodeId: 42,
       tabId: 7,
       generation: 0,
+      kind: "dom",
+      capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
     });
     expect(s.size()).toBe(1);
     expect(s.isEmpty()).toBe(false);
@@ -48,4 +50,31 @@ describe("RefStore", () => {
       cdpSessionId: "child-session",
     });
   });
+
+  it("preserves explicit capabilities for visual surface refs", () => {
+    const s = new RefStore();
+    s.set("e1", 42, {
+      tabId: 7,
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+    });
+
+    expect(s.resolveEntry("e1")).toMatchObject({
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("never grants ordinary interaction to a surface through defaults or caller input", () => {
+    const s = new RefStore();
+    s.set("e1", 42, { tabId: 7, kind: "surface" });
+    s.set("e2", 43, {
+      tabId: 7,
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
+    });
+
+    expect(s.resolveEntry("e1")?.capabilities).toEqual(["screenshot"]);
+    expect(s.resolveEntry("e2")?.capabilities).toEqual(["screenshot"]);
+  });
 });

apps/extension/src/session-manager/__tests__/surface-capture-store.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { type SurfaceCaptureInput, SurfaceCaptureStore } from "../surface-capture-store";
+
+function input(): SurfaceCaptureInput {
+  return {
+    sessionId: "aa11",
+    tabId: 7,
+    navigationIdentity: "navigation",
+    surface: {
+      ref: "e3",
+      frameId: "main",
+      backendNodeId: 99,
+      observationGeneration: 2,
+    },
+    topViewportRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 50 },
+    imageWidth: 200,
+    imageHeight: 100,
+    viewportSignature: "viewport",
+    frameProjectionSignature: "frame",
+  };
+}
+
+describe("SurfaceCaptureStore", () => {
+  it("creates metadata-only, short-lived captures and consumes them once", () => {
+    let now = 1_000;
+    const store = new SurfaceCaptureStore({
+      now: () => now,
+      ttlMs: 500,
+      createId: () => "sc_test",
+    });
+    const capture = store.create(input());
+
+    expect(capture).toMatchObject({
+      id: "sc_test",
+      createdAt: 1_000,
+      expiresAt: 1_500,
+      consumed: false,
+    });
+    expect(capture).not.toHaveProperty("imageBase64");
+    expect(store.consume("sc_test")).toMatchObject({ ok: true });
+    expect(store.consume("sc_test")).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: "consumed" });
+
+    now = 1_600;
+    expect(store.size()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects expired and unknown captures", () => {
+    let now = 1_000;
+    const store = new SurfaceCaptureStore({
+      now: () => now,
+      ttlMs: 10,
+      createId: () => "sc_expired",
+    });
+    store.create(input());
+    now = 1_010;
+
+    expect(store.consume("sc_expired")).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: "expired" });
+    expect(store.consume("sc_missing")).toEqual({ ok: false, reason: "not_found" });
+  });
+
+  it("clears every capture on session cleanup", () => {
+    const store = new SurfaceCaptureStore({ createId: () => "sc_clear" });
+    store.create(input());
+    store.clear();
+    expect(store.size()).toBe(0);
+  });
+});

apps/extension/src/session-manager/manager.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import { AGENT_WINDOW_HOME, type AgentWindowApi, chromeAgentWindowApi } from "./agent-window";
 import { RefStore } from "./ref-store";
+import { SurfaceCaptureStore } from "./surface-capture-store";
 
 export interface SessionContext {
   sessionId: string;
   agentWindowId: number;
   refStore: RefStore;
+  surfaceCaptures: SurfaceCaptureStore;
   borrowedTabs: Map<number, BorrowedTab>;
   /**
    * Tabs explicitly claimed by the agent because it created them. This
@@ -210,6 +212,7 @@ export class SessionManager {
         sessionId,
         agentWindowId: windowId,
         refStore: new RefStore(),
+        surfaceCaptures: new SurfaceCaptureStore({ now: this.now }),
         borrowedTabs: new Map(),
         // The home tab is the session's first explicit claim. Every other
         // tab remains free until `tab_create` or `tab_borrow` identifies it

apps/extension/src/session-manager/ref-store.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import type { Rect } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+
 /**
  * Per-session map from `@e<N>` snapshot refs to a CDP node address.
  *
@@ -12,12 +14,17 @@
  * inside the `SessionContext`.
  */
 export type BackendNodeId = number;
+export type RefCapability = "interact" | "screenshot";
+export type RefTargetKind = "dom" | "surface";
 
 export interface RefEntry {
   backendNodeId: BackendNodeId;
   tabId: number | null;
   frameId?: string;
   cdpSessionId?: string;
+  visibleRect?: Rect;
+  kind: RefTargetKind;
+  capabilities: RefCapability[];
   generation: number;
 }
 
@@ -28,8 +35,19 @@ export type RefInput =
       tabId: number;
       frameId?: string;
       cdpSessionId?: string;
+      visibleRect?: Rect;
+      kind?: RefTargetKind;
+      capabilities?: RefCapability[];
     };
 
+function capabilitiesFor(
+  kind: RefTargetKind,
+  capabilities: RefCapability[] | undefined,
+): RefCapability[] {
+  if (kind === "surface") return ["screenshot"];
+  return capabilities ?? ["interact", "screenshot"];
+}
+
 export class RefStore {
   private readonly map = new Map<string, RefEntry>();
   private generation = 0;
@@ -70,13 +88,20 @@ export class RefStore {
       tabId?: number;
       frameId?: string;
       cdpSessionId?: string;
+      visibleRect?: Rect;
+      kind?: RefTargetKind;
+      capabilities?: RefCapability[];
     } = {},
   ): void {
+    const kind = opts.kind ?? "dom";
     this.map.set(normaliseRef(ref), {
       backendNodeId: id,
       tabId: opts.tabId ?? null,
       ...(opts.frameId ? { frameId: opts.frameId } : {}),
       ...(opts.cdpSessionId ? { cdpSessionId: opts.cdpSessionId } : {}),
+      ...(opts.visibleRect ? { visibleRect: opts.visibleRect } : {}),
+      kind,
+      capabilities: capabilitiesFor(kind, opts.capabilities),
       generation: this.generation,
     });
   }
@@ -94,14 +119,20 @@ export class RefStore {
       return {
         backendNodeId: input,
         tabId: null,
+        kind: "dom",
+        capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
         generation: this.generation,
       };
     }
+    const kind = input.kind ?? "dom";
     return {
       backendNodeId: input.backendNodeId,
       tabId: input.tabId,
       ...(input.frameId ? { frameId: input.frameId } : {}),
       ...(input.cdpSessionId ? { cdpSessionId: input.cdpSessionId } : {}),
+      ...(input.visibleRect ? { visibleRect: input.visibleRect } : {}),
+      kind,
+      capabilities: capabilitiesFor(kind, input.capabilities),
       generation: this.generation,
     };
   }

apps/extension/src/session-manager/surface-capture-store.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import type { Rect } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+
+export const SURFACE_CAPTURE_TTL_MS = 30_000;
+
+export interface SurfaceCapture {
+  id: string;
+  sessionId: string;
+  tabId: number;
+  navigationIdentity: string;
+  surface: {
+    ref: string;
+    frameId?: string;
+    backendNodeId: number;
+    observationGeneration: number;
+  };
+  topViewportRect: Rect;
+  imageWidth: number;
+  imageHeight: number;
+  viewportSignature: string;
+  frameProjectionSignature: string;
+  createdAt: number;
+  expiresAt: number;
+  consumed: boolean;
+}
+
+export type SurfaceCaptureInput = Omit<
+  SurfaceCapture,
+  "id" | "createdAt" | "expiresAt" | "consumed"
+>;
+
+export type SurfaceCaptureConsumeResult =
+  | { ok: true; capture: SurfaceCapture }
+  | { ok: false; reason: "not_found" | "expired" | "consumed" };
+
+export interface SurfaceCaptureStoreOptions {
+  now?: () => number;
+  ttlMs?: number;
+  createId?: () => string;
+}
+
+function randomCaptureId(): string {
+  const bytes = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(12));
+  return `sc_${Array.from(bytes, (byte) => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, "0")).join("")}`;
+}
+
+/** Per-session, metadata-only store for short-lived screenshot coordinate transactions. */
+export class SurfaceCaptureStore {
+  private readonly captures = new Map<string, SurfaceCapture>();
+  private readonly now: () => number;
+  private readonly ttlMs: number;
+  private readonly createId: () => string;
+
+  constructor(options: SurfaceCaptureStoreOptions = {}) {
+    this.now = options.now ?? Date.now;
+    this.ttlMs = options.ttlMs ?? SURFACE_CAPTURE_TTL_MS;
+    this.createId = options.createId ?? randomCaptureId;
+  }
+
+  create(input: SurfaceCaptureInput): SurfaceCapture {
+    this.purgeExpired();
+    const createdAt = this.now();
+    const capture: SurfaceCapture = {
+      ...input,
+      id: this.createId(),
+      createdAt,
+      expiresAt: createdAt + this.ttlMs,
+      consumed: false,
+    };
+    this.captures.set(capture.id, capture);
+    return capture;
+  }
+
+  consume(id: string): SurfaceCaptureConsumeResult {
+    const capture = this.captures.get(id);
+    if (!capture) return { ok: false, reason: "not_found" };
+    if (capture.expiresAt <= this.now()) {
+      this.captures.delete(id);
+      return { ok: false, reason: "expired" };
+    }
+    if (capture.consumed) return { ok: false, reason: "consumed" };
+    capture.consumed = true;
+    return { ok: true, capture };
+  }
+
+  clear(): void {
+    this.captures.clear();
+  }
+
+  size(): number {
+    this.purgeExpired();
+    return this.captures.size;
+  }
+
+  private purgeExpired(): void {
+    const now = this.now();
+    for (const [id, capture] of this.captures) {
+      if (capture.expiresAt <= now) this.captures.delete(id);
+    }
+  }
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/frame-geometry.test.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
-import { resolveNodeGeometry } from "../frame-geometry";
+import { resolveFrameProjection, resolveNodeGeometry } from "../frame-geometry";
 import {
   clipPolygon,
   polygonArea,
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import {
   rectPolygon,
   regionBounds,
 } from "../geometry";
-import { GeometryContext } from "../geometry/frame-context";
 import type { CdpRunner } from "../shared";
 
 describe("frame geometry projection", () => {
@@ -83,24 +82,28 @@ describe("frame geometry projection", () => {
         throw new Error(`unexpected child command ${method}`);
       }) as CdpRunner["sendToTarget"],
     };
-    const projection = await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4, {
+    const projection = await resolveFrameProjection(
-      rootFrameId: "main",
+      cdp,
-      frames: [
+      {
-        { frameId: "main", target: { tabId: 4 } },
+        rootFrameId: "main",
-        {
+        frames: [
-          frameId: "same-process-parent",
+          { frameId: "main", target: { tabId: 4 } },
-          parentFrameId: "main",
+          {
-          ownerBackendNodeId: 10,
+            frameId: "same-process-parent",
-          target: { tabId: 4 },
+            parentFrameId: "main",
-        },
+            ownerBackendNodeId: 10,
-        {
+            target: { tabId: 4 },
-          frameId: "oopif",
+          },
-          parentFrameId: "same-process-parent",
+          {
-          ownerBackendNodeId: 20,
+            frameId: "oopif",
-          target: { tabId: 4, sessionId: "oopif-session" },
+            parentFrameId: "same-process-parent",
-        },
+            ownerBackendNodeId: 20,
-      ],
+            target: { tabId: 4, sessionId: "oopif-session" },
-    }).targetProjection("oopif");
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      "oopif",
+    );
 
     expect(projection?.edges).toEqual([
       {

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/geometry-context.test.ts

@@ -1,380 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
-import type { CdpFrameGraph } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
-import { resolveNodeGeometry } from "../frame-geometry";
-import { rectPolygon } from "../geometry";
-import {
-  projectSnapshotRect,
-  screenshotPageRect,
-  snapshotViewportRect,
-} from "../geometry/coordinate-types";
-import { GeometryContext } from "../geometry/frame-context";
-import type { CdpRunner } from "../shared";
-
-const target = { tabId: 4 };
-const graph: CdpFrameGraph = {
-  rootFrameId: "main",
-  frames: [
-    { frameId: "main", target },
-    { frameId: "child", parentFrameId: "main", ownerBackendNodeId: 10, target },
-  ],
-};
-
-function driver() {
-  const send = vi.fn(async (_tab: number, method: string): Promise<object> => {
-    if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics")
-      return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 1000 } };
-    if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel")
-      return { model: { content: [52.5, 612.5, 427.5, 612.5, 427.5, 862.5, 52.5, 862.5] } };
-    if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") return { object: { objectId: "owner" } };
-    if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn")
-      return { result: { value: { width: 300, height: 200 } } };
-    if (method === "Runtime.releaseObject") return {};
-    throw new Error(method);
-  });
-  return { send: send as CdpRunner["send"], getFrameGraph: vi.fn(async () => graph), calls: send };
-}
-
-describe("measurement geometry context", () => {
-  it("shares in-flight frame measurements, but never shares them with the next context", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const context = new GeometryContext(cdp, 4);
-    const results = await Promise.all(
-      Array.from({ length: 20 }, () => context.targetProjection("child")),
-    );
-    expect(results.every((value) => value === results[0])).toBe(true);
-    expect(cdp.getFrameGraph).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    expect(cdp.calls.mock.calls.map(([, method]) => method)).toEqual([
-      "Page.getLayoutMetrics",
-      "DOM.getBoxModel",
-    ]);
-    await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4).targetProjection("child");
-    expect(cdp.getFrameGraph).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
-    expect(cdp.calls.mock.calls).toHaveLength(4);
-  });
-
-  it("projects frame-local snapshot CSS bounds through the scaled owner content quad", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const context = new GeometryContext(cdp, 4);
-    const source = { target, frameId: "child" };
-    const projection = await context.snapshotProjection(source, 10, [], {
-      width: 1000,
-      height: 1000,
-    });
-    if (projection.status !== "available") throw new Error("expected available projection");
-    const input = snapshotViewportRect([17, 23, 120, 40], source, { x: 0, y: 0 });
-    expect(projectSnapshotRect(input!, projection.projection)).toEqual({
-      x: 73.75,
-      y: 641.25,
-      width: 150,
-      height: 50,
-    });
-    const scrolled = snapshotViewportRect([17, 23, 120, 40], source, { x: 0, y: 10 });
-    expect(projectSnapshotRect(scrolled!, projection.projection)?.y).toBe(628.75);
-    await context.snapshotProjection(source, 10, [], { width: 1000, height: 1000 });
-    expect(cdp.calls.mock.calls.filter(([, method]) => method === "DOM.resolveNode")).toHaveLength(
-      1,
-    );
-    expect(
-      cdp.calls.mock.calls.filter(([, method]) => method === "Runtime.releaseObject"),
-    ).toHaveLength(1);
-  });
-
-  it("falls back only for missing or invalid batch entries and does not reuse sizes across contexts", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const original = cdp.send;
-    const calls: string[] = [];
-    cdp.send = async (tabId, method, params) => {
-      calls.push(method);
-      if (method === "Runtime.evaluate")
-        return {
-          result: {
-            deepSerializedValue: {
-              type: "array",
-              value: [
-                {
-                  type: "array",
-                  value: [
-                    { type: "node", value: { backendNodeId: 10 } },
-                    { type: "string", value: '{"width":300,"height":200}' },
-                  ],
-                },
-                {
-                  type: "array",
-                  value: [
-                    { type: "node", value: { backendNodeId: 11 } },
-                    { type: "string", value: '{"width":0,"height":200}' },
-                  ],
-                },
-              ],
-            },
-          },
-        } as never;
-      if (method === "Runtime.releaseObjectGroup") return {} as never;
-      return original(tabId, method, params);
-    };
-    const context = new GeometryContext(cdp, 4);
-    context.registerSnapshotOwners(target, new Set([10, 11]));
-    const values = await Promise.all(
-      [10, 11].map((id) =>
-        context.snapshotProjection({ target, frameId: String(id) }, id, [], {
-          width: 1000,
-          height: 1000,
-        }),
-      ),
-    );
-    expect(values.every((value) => value.status === "available")).toBe(true);
-    expect(calls.filter((method) => method === "DOM.resolveNode")).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(calls.filter((method) => method === "Runtime.evaluate")).toHaveLength(1);
-    await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4).snapshotProjection({ target, frameId: "child" }, 10, [], {
-      width: 1000,
-      height: 1000,
-    });
-    expect(calls.filter((method) => method === "DOM.resolveNode")).toHaveLength(2);
-  });
-
-  it("waits for batch object cleanup and propagates cancellation", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const original = cdp.send;
-    const controller = new AbortController();
-    let release!: () => void;
-    let cleanup!: () => void;
-    const started = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-      cleanup = resolve;
-    });
-    cdp.send = async (tabId, method, params) => {
-      if (method === "Runtime.evaluate") return {} as never;
-      if (method === "Runtime.releaseObjectGroup") {
-        cleanup();
-        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
-          release = resolve;
-        });
-        return {} as never;
-      }
-      return original(tabId, method, params);
-    };
-    const context = new GeometryContext(cdp, 4, undefined, controller.signal);
-    context.registerSnapshotOwners(target, new Set([10, 11]));
-    let settled = false;
-    const operation = context
-      .snapshotProjection({ target, frameId: "child" }, 10, [], { width: 1000, height: 1000 })
-      .finally(() => {
-        settled = true;
-      });
-    const rejected = expect(operation).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: "AbortError" });
-    await started;
-    controller.abort();
-    expect(settled).toBe(false);
-    release();
-    await rejected;
-    expect(cdp.calls.mock.calls.some(([, method]) => method === "DOM.resolveNode")).toBe(false);
-  });
-
-  it("rejects owner mismatches and invalid numeric bounds", () => {
-    const input = snapshotViewportRect(
-      [30, 50, 120, 40],
-      { target, frameId: "main" },
-      { x: 10, y: 20 },
-    )!;
-    const projection = {
-      source: { target, frameId: "main" },
-      geometry: { sourceClips: [], edges: [], topViewport: { width: 800, height: 600 } },
-    };
-    expect(projectSnapshotRect(input, projection)).toEqual({
-      x: 20,
-      y: 30,
-      width: 120,
-      height: 40,
-    });
-    expect(
-      projectSnapshotRect(input, { ...projection, source: { target, frameId: "other" } }),
-    ).toBeNull();
-    expect(
-      projectSnapshotRect(input, {
-        ...projection,
-        source: { target: { tabId: 5 }, frameId: "main" },
-      }),
-    ).toBeNull();
-    expect(snapshotViewportRect([0, 0, NaN, 40], { target }, { x: 0, y: 0 })).toBeNull();
-    expect(snapshotViewportRect([0, 0, 10, 40], { target }, { x: Infinity, y: 0 })).toBeNull();
-  });
-
-  it("does not turn a border quad or a failed owner read into a content projection", async () => {
-    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
-      send: vi.fn(async () => ({
-        model: { border: [0, 0, 100, 0, 100, 100, 0, 100] },
-      })) as CdpRunner["send"],
-    };
-    expect(
-      await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4).snapshotProjection({ target, frameId: "child" }, 10, [], {
-        width: 100,
-        height: 100,
-      }),
-    ).toEqual({
-      status: "unavailable",
-      source: { target, frameId: "child" },
-      ownerBackendNodeId: 10,
-    });
-  });
-
-  it("keeps ancestor clips in target coordinates instead of applying nested offsets twice", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const projection = await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4).snapshotProjection(
-      { target, frameId: "nested" },
-      10,
-      [rectPolygon({ x: 60, y: 620, w: 100, h: 100 })],
-      { width: 1000, height: 1000 },
-    );
-    if (projection.status !== "available") throw new Error("expected available projection");
-    const input = snapshotViewportRect(
-      [0, 0, 300, 200],
-      { target, frameId: "nested" },
-      { x: 0, y: 0 },
-    );
-    expect(projectSnapshotRect(input!, projection.projection)).toEqual({
-      x: 60,
-      y: 620,
-      width: 100,
-      height: 100,
-    });
-  });
-
-  it("rejects malformed frame ancestry without looping", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const cycle: CdpFrameGraph = {
-      rootFrameId: "a",
-      frames: [
-        { frameId: "a", parentFrameId: "b", target },
-        { frameId: "b", parentFrameId: "a", target },
-      ],
-    };
-    expect(await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4, cycle).targetProjection("a")).toBeNull();
-    expect(cdp.calls).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    const orphan: CdpFrameGraph = {
-      rootFrameId: "a",
-      frames: [{ frameId: "a", parentFrameId: "missing", target }],
-    };
-    expect(await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4, orphan).targetProjection("a")).toBeNull();
-  });
-
-  it("rejects a live node whose frame belongs to another target before any DOM input", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    expect(
-      await resolveNodeGeometry(
-        cdp,
-        4,
-        { target: { tabId: 4, sessionId: "wrong" }, frameId: "child", backendNodeId: 20 },
-        { scrollIntoView: true },
-      ),
-    ).toMatchObject({ code: "cdp_failed" });
-    expect(cdp.calls).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  });
-
-  it("bounds concurrent measurements and does not dispatch queued reads after cancellation", async () => {
-    let active = 0;
-    let peak = 0;
-    const release: Array<() => void> = [];
-    const send = vi.fn(async () => {
-      active++;
-      peak = Math.max(peak, active);
-      await new Promise<void>((resolve) => release.push(resolve));
-      active--;
-      return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 100, clientHeight: 100 } };
-    });
-    const controller = new AbortController();
-    const context = new GeometryContext(
-      { send: send as CdpRunner["send"] },
-      4,
-      undefined,
-      controller.signal,
-    );
-    const tasks = Array.from({ length: 8 }, (_, index) =>
-      context.viewport({ tabId: 4, sessionId: String(index) }),
-    );
-    const settled = Promise.allSettled(tasks);
-    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4);
-    controller.abort();
-    for (const done of release) done();
-    const results = await settled;
-    expect(peak).toBe(4);
-    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4);
-    expect(results.filter((item) => item.status === "rejected")).toHaveLength(4);
-  });
-
-  it("releases an owner object even when cancellation arrives before its viewport read", async () => {
-    const controller = new AbortController();
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const original = cdp.calls.getMockImplementation()!;
-    cdp.calls.mockImplementation(async (tab, method) => {
-      const result = await original(tab, method);
-      if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") controller.abort();
-      return result;
-    });
-    const context = new GeometryContext(cdp, 4, undefined, controller.signal);
-    await expect(
-      context.snapshotProjection({ target, frameId: "child" }, 10, [], {
-        width: 1000,
-        height: 1000,
-      }),
-    ).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: "AbortError" });
-    expect(cdp.calls.mock.calls.map(([, method]) => method)).toEqual([
-      "DOM.getBoxModel",
-      "DOM.resolveNode",
-      "Runtime.releaseObject",
-    ]);
-  });
-
-  it("reads live owner geometry only after scrolling", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    const original = cdp.calls.getMockImplementation()!;
-    let scrolled = false;
-    cdp.calls.mockImplementation(async (tab, method) => {
-      if (method === "DOM.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded") {
-        scrolled = true;
-        return {};
-      }
-      if (method === "DOM.getContentQuads") {
-        expect(scrolled).toBe(true);
-        return { quads: [[60, 620, 100, 620, 100, 640, 60, 640]] };
-      }
-      if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel") expect(scrolled).toBe(true);
-      return original(tab, method);
-    });
-    expect(
-      await resolveNodeGeometry(
-        cdp,
-        4,
-        { target, frameId: "child", backendNodeId: 20 },
-        { scrollIntoView: true },
-      ),
-    ).toMatchObject({ topBounds: { x: 60, y: 620, width: 40, height: 20 } });
-    expect(cdp.getFrameGraph).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    expect(cdp.calls.mock.calls.filter(([, method]) => method === "DOM.getBoxModel")).toHaveLength(
-      1,
-    );
-  });
-
-  it("adapts viewport CSS bounds to page DIP with scroll and browser zoom, never raster DPR", () => {
-    const viewport = { width: 1600, height: 1000, scrollX: 10, scrollY: 100, cssToDip: 0.9 };
-    const clip = screenshotPageRect({ x: 20, y: 30, width: 120, height: 40 }, viewport);
-    expect(clip).toEqual({ space: "page-dip", rect: { x: 27, y: 117, width: 108, height: 36 } });
-    expect(
-      screenshotPageRect({ x: 20, y: 30, width: 120, height: 40 }, { ...viewport, cssToDip: NaN }),
-    ).toBeNull();
-    expect(
-      screenshotPageRect({ x: 20, y: 30, width: 120, height: 40 }, { ...viewport, cssToDip: 0 }),
-    ).toBeNull();
-  });
-
-  it("retries a rejected measurement only in a new operation", async () => {
-    const cdp = driver();
-    cdp.calls.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error("unavailable"));
-    const context = new GeometryContext(cdp, 4);
-    await expect(context.viewport(target)).rejects.toThrow("unavailable");
-    await expect(context.viewport(target)).rejects.toThrow("unavailable");
-    expect(cdp.calls).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    expect(await new GeometryContext(cdp, 4).viewport(target)).toEqual({
-      width: 1000,
-      height: 1000,
-    });
-  });
-});

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/interaction.test.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
   parseKeySpec,
   resolveKeyDescriptor,
 } from "../interaction";
+import { captureSurfaceEnvironment } from "../surface-target";
 
 function fakeAgentWindow(ids: number[]) {
   let i = 0;
@@ -54,6 +55,61 @@ function makeFakeCdp(handlers: Record<string, (params: unknown) => unknown>) {
   return { cdp, tabsApi, sent };
 }
 
+async function makeSurfaceClickFixture(onMouse?: (params: Record<string, unknown>) => void) {
+  const manager = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+  const context = await manager.start("aa11");
+  context.refStore.set("e3", 99, {
+    tabId: 4,
+    kind: "surface",
+    visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 40 },
+  });
+  const fake = makeFakeCdp({
+    "Page.getFrameTree": () => ({
+      frameTree: {
+        frame: { id: "main", loaderId: "loader-1", url: "https://fixture.test/" },
+      },
+    }),
+    "Page.getLayoutMetrics": () => ({
+      cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 800, clientHeight: 600, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
+      cssVisualViewport: {
+        clientWidth: 800,
+        clientHeight: 600,
+        pageX: 0,
+        pageY: 0,
+        scale: 1,
+      },
+    }),
+    "DOM.getContentQuads": () => ({ quads: [[10, 20, 110, 20, 110, 60, 10, 60]] }),
+    "Runtime.evaluate": () => ({
+      result: { value: { overlayHostPresent: false, overlayHostConnected: false } },
+    }),
+    "Input.dispatchMouseEvent": (params) => {
+      onMouse?.(params as Record<string, unknown>);
+      return {};
+    },
+  });
+  const environment = await captureSurfaceEnvironment(fake.cdp, 4, undefined);
+  if ("code" in environment) throw new Error(environment.message);
+  const entry = context.refStore.resolveEntry("e3");
+  if (!entry) throw new Error("missing Surface ref");
+  const capture = context.surfaceCaptures.create({
+    sessionId: "aa11",
+    tabId: 4,
+    navigationIdentity: environment.navigationIdentity,
+    surface: {
+      ref: "e3",
+      backendNodeId: 99,
+      observationGeneration: entry.generation,
+    },
+    topViewportRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 40 },
+    imageWidth: 200,
+    imageHeight: 80,
+    viewportSignature: environment.viewportSignature,
+    frameProjectionSignature: environment.frameProjectionSignature,
+  });
+  return { manager, context, fake, capture };
+}
+
 describe("modifiersBitfield", () => {
   it("matches CDP's expected bit layout", () => {
     expect(modifiersBitfield([])).toBe(0);
@@ -123,6 +179,29 @@ describe("handleClick", () => {
     expect(fake.cdp.send).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
+  it("rejects screenshot-only visual surface refs before issuing CDP calls", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
+    ctx.refStore.set("e3", 1234, {
+      tabId: 4,
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+    });
+    const fake = makeFakeCdp({});
+
+    const res = await handleClick(
+      sm,
+      { session_id: "aa11", ref: "@e3" },
+      { cdp: fake.cdp, tabsApi: fake.tabsApi },
+    );
+
+    expect(res).toMatchObject({
+      code: "permission_denied",
+      data: { reason: "ref_capability_denied", required_capability: "interact" },
+    });
+    expect(fake.cdp.send).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
   it("clicks by ref, computes the quad centre, dispatches three mouse events", async () => {
     const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
     const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
@@ -167,6 +246,74 @@ describe("handleClick", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it.each([
+    "left",
+    "middle",
+    "right",
+  ] as const)("uses the common click executor for a %s-button Surface click", async (button) => {
+    const { manager, fake, capture } = await makeSurfaceClickFixture();
+    const result = await handleClick(
+      manager,
+      {
+        session_id: "aa11",
+        ref: "@e3",
+        capture_id: capture.id,
+        image_x: 50,
+        image_y: 20,
+        button,
+        click_count: 2,
+        modifiers: ["ctrl", "shift"],
+      },
+      { cdp: fake.cdp, tabsApi: fake.tabsApi },
+    );
+
+    if ("code" in result) throw new Error(JSON.stringify(result));
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      used_ref: "e3",
+      capture_id: capture.id,
+      image_x: 50,
+      image_y: 20,
+      x: 35,
+      y: 30,
+    });
+    const mouse = fake.sent.filter((call) => call.method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent");
+    expect(mouse).toHaveLength(3);
+    expect(mouse[1].params).toMatchObject({
+      type: "mousePressed",
+      button,
+      clickCount: 2,
+      modifiers: 2 | 8,
+    });
+    expect(mouse[2].params).toMatchObject({
+      type: "mouseReleased",
+      button,
+      clickCount: 2,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("consumes a Surface capture when the common click executor fails", async () => {
+    let mouseCalls = 0;
+    const { manager, fake, capture } = await makeSurfaceClickFixture((params) => {
+      mouseCalls += 1;
+      if (params.type === "mousePressed") throw new Error("input failed");
+    });
+    const params = {
+      session_id: "aa11",
+      ref: "@e3",
+      capture_id: capture.id,
+      image_x: 50,
+      image_y: 20,
+    };
+
+    expect(
+      await handleClick(manager, params, { cdp: fake.cdp, tabsApi: fake.tabsApi }),
+    ).toMatchObject({ code: "cdp_failed" });
+    expect(mouseCalls).toBe(2);
+    expect(
+      await handleClick(manager, params, { cdp: fake.cdp, tabsApi: fake.tabsApi }),
+    ).toMatchObject({ data: { reason: "surface_capture_consumed" } });
+  });
+
   it("resolves frame refs in their CDP session and dispatches input in top coordinates", async () => {
     const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
     const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/mouse-input.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { dispatchMouseClick } from "../mouse-input";
+import type { CdpRunner } from "../shared";
+
+function fakeCdp(onSend?: (method: string, params: Record<string, unknown>) => void): {
+  cdp: CdpRunner;
+  events: Record<string, unknown>[];
+} {
+  const events: Record<string, unknown>[] = [];
+  return {
+    events,
+    cdp: {
+      send: vi.fn(async (_tabId, method, params) => {
+        const event = params as Record<string, unknown>;
+        events.push(event);
+        onSend?.(method, event);
+        return {} as never;
+      }),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+describe("dispatchMouseClick", () => {
+  it("emits one move, press, and release sequence", async () => {
+    const { cdp, events } = fakeCdp();
+
+    expect(
+      await dispatchMouseClick(
+        cdp,
+        4,
+        { x: 12, y: 34 },
+        {
+          button: "left",
+          clickCount: 1,
+          modifiers: 0,
+          moveSettleMs: 0,
+        },
+      ),
+    ).toBe("completed");
+
+    expect(events).toEqual([
+      {
+        type: "mouseMoved",
+        x: 12,
+        y: 34,
+        modifiers: 0,
+      },
+      {
+        type: "mousePressed",
+        x: 12,
+        y: 34,
+        button: "left",
+        clickCount: 1,
+        modifiers: 0,
+      },
+      {
+        type: "mouseReleased",
+        x: 12,
+        y: 34,
+        button: "left",
+        clickCount: 1,
+        modifiers: 0,
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("releases a pressed button when cancellation arrives", async () => {
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const { cdp, events } = fakeCdp((_method, event) => {
+      if (event.type === "mousePressed") controller.abort();
+    });
+
+    expect(
+      await dispatchMouseClick(
+        cdp,
+        4,
+        { x: 1, y: 2 },
+        {
+          button: "left",
+          clickCount: 1,
+          modifiers: 0,
+          signal: controller.signal,
+          moveSettleMs: 0,
+        },
+      ),
+    ).toBe("cancelled");
+    expect(events.at(-1)).toMatchObject({ type: "mouseReleased" });
+  });
+
+  it("settles pointer-move hit testing before pressing", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const { cdp, events } = fakeCdp();
+      const click = dispatchMouseClick(
+        cdp,
+        4,
+        { x: 1, y: 2 },
+        {
+          button: "left",
+          clickCount: 1,
+          modifiers: 0,
+          moveSettleMs: 32,
+        },
+      );
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(31);
+      expect(events.map((event) => event.type)).toEqual(["mouseMoved"]);
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1);
+      await click;
+      expect(events.map((event) => event.type)).toEqual([
+        "mouseMoved",
+        "mousePressed",
+        "mouseReleased",
+      ]);
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+});

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/observation.test.ts

@@ -36,6 +36,14 @@ function fakeAgentWindow(ids: number[]) {
 const TINY_PNG =
   "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR4nGNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==";
 
+function pngWithIhdrDimensions(width: number, height: number): string {
+  const bytes = Uint8Array.from(atob(TINY_PNG), (character) => character.charCodeAt(0));
+  const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer);
+  view.setUint32(16, width);
+  view.setUint32(20, height);
+  return btoa(String.fromCharCode(...bytes));
+}
+
 function makeScreenshotDeps(
   opts: {
     cdp?: CdpRunner;
@@ -67,6 +75,9 @@ function makeFakeCdp(handlers: Record<string, (params?: object) => unknown>) {
     if (!handler && method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
       return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1280, clientHeight: 720 } };
     }
+    if (!handler && method === "Page.getFrameTree") {
+      return { frameTree: { frame: { id: "main", loaderId: "loader-1", url: "https://test/" } } };
+    }
     if (!handler) throw new Error(`unexpected CDP call ${method}`);
     return handler(params);
   });
@@ -86,6 +97,7 @@ describe("stripDataUrlPrefix", () => {
 describe("parsePngDimensions", () => {
   it("parses width/height from the IHDR chunk", () => {
     expect(parsePngDimensions(TINY_PNG)).toEqual({ width: 1, height: 1 });
+    expect(parsePngDimensions(pngWithIhdrDimensions(100, 80))).toEqual({ width: 100, height: 80 });
   });
   it("returns null on non-PNG input", () => {
     expect(parsePngDimensions("not-a-png-payload-just-random-base64-text-zzzzzzzzz")).toBeNull();
@@ -120,6 +132,20 @@ describe("handleScreenshot", () => {
     expect(get).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
+  it("fails closed when a full-tab capture is not a valid PNG", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    await sm.start("aa11");
+    const res = await handleScreenshot(
+      sm,
+      { session_id: "aa11" },
+      makeScreenshotDeps({
+        captureVisibleTab: vi.fn(async () => "data:image/png;base64,bm90LWEtcG5n"),
+      }),
+    );
+
+    expect(res).toMatchObject({ code: "cdp_failed", message: /invalid PNG data/ });
+  });
+
   it("returns not_found when Agent Window has no active tab", async () => {
     const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
     await sm.start("aa11");
@@ -266,15 +292,7 @@ describe("handleScreenshot", () => {
     expect(sent.find((c) => c.method === "Page.captureScreenshot")).toBeUndefined();
   });
 
-  it.each([
+  it("captures a clipped PNG when ref is given", async () => {
-    { zoom: 1, scroll: 0, expected: { x: 10, y: 20, width: 100, height: 40 } },
-    { zoom: 0.9, scroll: 100, expected: { x: 9, y: 108, width: 90, height: 36 } },
-    { zoom: 1.25, scroll: 100, expected: { x: 12.5, y: 150, width: 125, height: 50 } },
-  ])("captures a ref in page DIP at zoom $zoom and scroll $scroll", async ({
-    zoom,
-    scroll,
-    expected,
-  }) => {
     const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
     const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
     ctx.refStore.set("e5", 999, { tabId: 7 });
@@ -282,10 +300,6 @@ describe("handleScreenshot", () => {
       "DOM.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded": () => ({}),
       "DOM.getContentQuads": () => ({ quads: [[10, 20, 110, 20, 110, 60, 10, 60]] }),
       "Page.captureScreenshot": () => ({ data: TINY_PNG }),
-      "Page.getLayoutMetrics": () => ({
-        cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1280, clientHeight: 720, pageX: 0, pageY: scroll },
-        cssVisualViewport: { zoom },
-      }),
     });
     const captureVisibleTab = vi.fn();
     const res = await handleScreenshot(
@@ -309,8 +323,172 @@ describe("handleScreenshot", () => {
         clip?: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number };
       }
     )?.clip;
-    expect(clip).toMatchObject(expected);
+    expect(clip).toMatchObject({ x: 10, y: 20, width: 100, height: 40 });
-    expect(sent.filter((c) => c.method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics")).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+
+  it("captures a bounded visible crop for a visual surface without scrolling it", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
+    ctx.refStore.set("e5", 999, {
+      tabId: 7,
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+    });
+    const { cdp, sent } = makeFakeCdp({
+      "Page.getLayoutMetrics": () => ({
+        cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 4096, clientHeight: 4096 },
+      }),
+      "DOM.getContentQuads": () => ({ quads: [[0, 0, 4096, 0, 4096, 4096, 0, 4096]] }),
+      "Page.captureScreenshot": () => ({ data: TINY_PNG }),
+    });
+
+    const res = await handleScreenshot(
+      sm,
+      { session_id: "aa11", ref: "@e5", tab_id: 7 },
+      makeScreenshotDeps({
+        cdp,
+        get: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: 7, windowId: 100, active: false }) as chrome.tabs.Tab),
+        query: vi.fn(),
+        captureVisibleTab: vi.fn(),
+      }),
+    );
+
+    if ("code" in res) throw new Error(`unexpected error: ${JSON.stringify(res)}`);
+    expect(sent.some((call) => call.method === "DOM.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded")).toBe(false);
+    const clip = sent.find((call) => call.method === "Page.captureScreenshot")?.params as {
+      clip?: { width: number; height: number; scale: number };
+    };
+    expect(clip.clip).toMatchObject({ width: 4096, height: 4096 });
+    expect(clip.clip?.scale).toBeCloseTo(Math.sqrt(4_000_000 / (4096 * 4096)));
+    expect(res.capture).toMatchObject({
+      surface_ref: "@e5",
+      coordinate_space: "capture-image-pixel",
+    });
+    expect(ctx.surfaceCaptures.size()).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it("crops a visual surface screenshot to its observation-time visible region", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
+    ctx.refStore.set("e5", 999, {
+      tabId: 7,
+      kind: "surface",
+      visibleRect: { x: 25, y: 30, w: 50, h: 40 },
+    });
+    const { cdp, sent } = makeFakeCdp({
+      "Page.getLayoutMetrics": () => ({
+        cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 800, clientHeight: 600 },
+      }),
+      "DOM.getContentQuads": () => ({ quads: [[0, 0, 200, 0, 200, 100, 0, 100]] }),
+      "Page.captureScreenshot": () => ({ data: pngWithIhdrDimensions(100, 80) }),
+    });
+
+    const res = await handleScreenshot(
+      sm,
+      { session_id: "aa11", ref: "@e5", tab_id: 7 },
+      makeScreenshotDeps({
+        cdp,
+        get: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: 7, windowId: 100, active: false }) as chrome.tabs.Tab),
+        query: vi.fn(),
+        captureVisibleTab: vi.fn(),
+      }),
+    );
+
+    if ("code" in res) throw new Error(`unexpected error: ${JSON.stringify(res)}`);
+    const clip = sent.find((call) => call.method === "Page.captureScreenshot")?.params as {
+      clip?: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number };
+    };
+    expect(clip.clip).toMatchObject({ x: 25, y: 30, width: 50, height: 40 });
+    expect(res).toMatchObject({ width: 100, height: 80 });
+    expect(res.capture?.id).toMatch(/^sc_/);
+  });
+
+  it("routes OOPIF surface geometry through its child session and captures top coordinates", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
+    ctx.refStore.set("e5", 999, {
+      tabId: 7,
+      frameId: "child-frame",
+      cdpSessionId: "child-session",
+      kind: "surface",
+      visibleRect: { x: 224, y: 346, w: 200, h: 80 },
+    });
+    const { cdp, sent } = makeFakeCdp({
+      "DOM.getBoxModel": () => ({
+        model: { content: [204, 306, 604, 306, 604, 506, 204, 506] },
+      }),
+      "Page.getLayoutMetrics": () => ({
+        cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800 },
+      }),
+      "Page.captureScreenshot": () => ({ data: TINY_PNG }),
+    });
+    cdp.getFrameGraph = vi.fn(async () => ({
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      frames: [
+        { frameId: "main", target: { tabId: 7 } },
+        {
+          frameId: "child-frame",
+          parentFrameId: "main",
+          ownerBackendNodeId: 99,
+          target: { tabId: 7, sessionId: "child-session" },
+        },
+      ],
+    }));
+    const targetCalls: Array<{ sessionId?: string; method: string }> = [];
+    cdp.sendToTarget = vi.fn(async (target, method) => {
+      targetCalls.push({ sessionId: target.sessionId, method });
+      if (method === "DOM.getContentQuads") {
+        return { quads: [[10, 20, 110, 20, 110, 60, 10, 60]] };
+      }
+      if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+        return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 200, clientHeight: 100 } };
+      }
+      throw new Error(`unexpected child CDP call ${method}`);
+    }) as CdpRunner["sendToTarget"];
+
+    const res = await handleScreenshot(
+      sm,
+      { session_id: "aa11", ref: "@e5", tab_id: 7 },
+      makeScreenshotDeps({
+        cdp,
+        get: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: 7, windowId: 100, active: false }) as chrome.tabs.Tab),
+        query: vi.fn(),
+        captureVisibleTab: vi.fn(),
+      }),
+    );
+
+    if ("code" in res) throw new Error(`unexpected error: ${JSON.stringify(res)}`);
+    expect(targetCalls).toEqual([
+      { sessionId: "child-session", method: "DOM.getContentQuads" },
+      { sessionId: "child-session", method: "Page.getLayoutMetrics" },
+    ]);
+    const clip = sent.find((call) => call.method === "Page.captureScreenshot")?.params as {
+      clip?: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number };
+    };
+    expect(clip.clip).toMatchObject({ x: 224, y: 346, width: 200, height: 80 });
+  });
+
+  it("fails closed when a ref capture is not a valid PNG", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
+    ctx.refStore.set("e5", 999, { tabId: 7, kind: "surface" });
+    const { cdp } = makeFakeCdp({
+      "DOM.getContentQuads": () => ({ quads: [[0, 0, 50, 0, 50, 50, 0, 50]] }),
+      "Page.captureScreenshot": () => ({ data: "bm90LWEtcG5n" }),
+    });
+
+    const res = await handleScreenshot(
+      sm,
+      { session_id: "aa11", ref: "@e5", tab_id: 7 },
+      makeScreenshotDeps({
+        cdp,
+        get: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: 7, windowId: 100, active: false }) as chrome.tabs.Tab),
+        query: vi.fn(),
+        captureVisibleTab: vi.fn(),
+      }),
+    );
+
+    expect(res).toMatchObject({ code: "cdp_failed", message: /invalid PNG data/ });
   });
 
   it("returns not_found for unknown ref", async () => {
@@ -2846,6 +3024,85 @@ describe("handleSnapshot", () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it("discovers rendered canvases only in observe and stores a screenshot-only ref", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
+    const root: CdpAxNode = {
+      nodeId: "1",
+      role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+      name: { type: "computedString", value: "Canvas app" },
+      backendDOMNodeId: 100,
+    };
+    const strings = ["body", "canvas", "static", "auto"];
+    const i = (value: string) => strings.indexOf(value);
+    const send = vi.fn(async (_tabId: number, method: string) => {
+      if (method === "Accessibility.enable" || method === "DOMSnapshot.enable") return {};
+      if (method === "Accessibility.getFullAXTree") return { nodes: [root] };
+      if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+        return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 } };
+      }
+      if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") {
+        return {
+          strings,
+          documents: [
+            {
+              nodes: {
+                parentIndex: [-1, 0],
+                nodeName: [i("body"), i("canvas")],
+                backendNodeId: [100, 200],
+                attributes: [[], []],
+              },
+              layout: {
+                nodeIndex: [0, 1],
+                styles: [
+                  [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto")],
+                  [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto")],
+                ],
+                bounds: [
+                  [0, 0, 1000, 800],
+                  [20, 30, 800, 500],
+                ],
+                paintOrders: [0, 1],
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        };
+      }
+      throw new Error(`unexpected CDP method ${method}`);
+    });
+    const deps = {
+      cdp: {
+        send: send as unknown as <T = unknown>(
+          tabId: number,
+          method: string,
+          params?: object,
+        ) => Promise<T>,
+        trackSessionTab: vi.fn(),
+      },
+      tabsApi: {
+        get: vi.fn(
+          async (tabId: number) => ({ id: tabId, windowId: 100, active: true }) as chrome.tabs.Tab,
+        ),
+        query: vi.fn(async () => [{ id: 4, windowId: 100, active: true } as chrome.tabs.Tab]),
+      },
+      conditionalSurfaceProbe: false,
+    };
+
+    const observed = await handleObserve(sm, { session_id: "aa11" }, deps);
+    if ("code" in observed) throw new Error(`unexpected error: ${JSON.stringify(observed)}`);
+    expect(observed.text).toContain('@e1 surface "canvas visual surface"');
+    expect(ctx.refStore.resolveEntry("e1")).toMatchObject({
+      backendNodeId: 200,
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+    });
+
+    const snapshot = await handleSnapshot(sm, { session_id: "aa11" }, deps);
+    if ("code" in snapshot) throw new Error(`unexpected error: ${JSON.stringify(snapshot)}`);
+    expect(snapshot.text).not.toContain("visual surface");
+    expect(snapshot.ref_count).toBe(0);
+  });
+
   it("allows passive snapshots of explicit user-window tabs", async () => {
     const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
     await sm.start("aa11");
@@ -3147,9 +3404,7 @@ describe("handleSnapshot", () => {
     cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
   };
 
-  function makeFrameAwareDeps(
+  function makeFrameAwareDeps() {
-    ownerGeometry: "unavailable" | "available" | "clipped" = "unavailable",
-  ) {
     const strings = ["html", "body", "iframe", "button", "title", "Remote", "static", "auto"];
     const i = (value: string) => strings.indexOf(value);
     const styles = [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto")];
@@ -3229,16 +3484,6 @@ describe("handleSnapshot", () => {
     ];
     const send = vi.fn(async (_tabId: number, method: string) => {
       if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") return VP_METRICS;
-      if (ownerGeometry !== "unavailable") {
-        if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel") {
-          const x = ownerGeometry === "clipped" ? 10000 : 100;
-          return { model: { content: [x, 100, x + 400, 100, x + 400, 400, x, 400] } };
-        }
-        if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") return { object: { objectId: "owner" } };
-        if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn")
-          return { result: { value: { width: 400, height: 300 } } };
-        if (method === "Runtime.releaseObject") return {};
-      }
       if (method === "DOMSnapshot.enable" || method === "Accessibility.enable") return {};
       if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") return snapshot;
       if (method === "Accessibility.getFullAXTree") return { nodes: mainAx };
@@ -3479,43 +3724,6 @@ describe("handleSnapshot", () => {
     expect(result.text).toContain("•••");
   });
 
-  it.each([
-    undefined,
-    100,
-    0,
-  ])("reports unavailable iframe geometry within the observation budget %s", async (maxTokens) => {
-    const result = await captureVomObservation(makeFrameAwareDeps().cdp, 4, "https://example.com", {
-      maxTokens,
-    });
-    expect(result.text.match(/@warning/g)).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(result.text).toContain("iframe geometry incomplete");
-    expect(result.text.startsWith("@vom 1\n")).toBe(true);
-    if (maxTokens === undefined) {
-      expect(result.truncated).toBe(false);
-      expect(result.text).toContain("Frame action");
-      expect(result.matchNodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 22)).toMatchObject({
-        rect: null,
-        localRect: { x: 20, y: 30, w: 120, h: 40 },
-      });
-    }
-    if (maxTokens === 100) expect(Math.ceil(result.text.length / 4)).toBeLessThanOrEqual(maxTokens);
-  });
-
-  it.each([
-    "available",
-    "clipped",
-  ] as const)("does not report successful %s geometry as an observation failure", async (ownerGeometry) => {
-    const result = await captureVomObservation(
-      makeFrameAwareDeps(ownerGeometry).cdp,
-      4,
-      "https://example.com",
-    );
-    expect(result.text).not.toContain("@warning");
-    const node = result.matchNodes.find((item) => item.backendNodeId === 22);
-    if (ownerGeometry === "clipped") expect(node?.rect).toBeNull();
-    else expect(node?.rect).toEqual({ x: 120, y: 130, w: 120, h: 40 });
-  });
-
   it("keeps frames and rendered refs on the same frame identity", async () => {
     const deps = makeFrameAwareDeps();
 

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/session.test.ts

@@ -278,12 +278,23 @@ describe("handleSessionStop with auto-return", () => {
     expect(aw.remove).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
-  it("clears the RefStore before window teardown", async () => {
+  it("clears refs and Surface captures before window teardown", async () => {
     const aw = fakeAgentWindow([100]);
     const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: aw });
     const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
     // Insert a fake ref so we can verify clear() ran.
     ctx.refStore.set("e1", 123, { tabId: 7 });
+    ctx.surfaceCaptures.create({
+      sessionId: "aa11",
+      tabId: 7,
+      navigationIdentity: "navigation",
+      surface: { ref: "e1", backendNodeId: 123, observationGeneration: 0 },
+      topViewportRect: { x: 0, y: 0, w: 100, h: 50 },
+      imageWidth: 100,
+      imageHeight: 50,
+      viewportSignature: "viewport",
+      frameProjectionSignature: "frame",
+    });
     const state: FakeState = {
       tabs: new Map(),
       windowsClosed: new Set(),
@@ -292,6 +303,7 @@ describe("handleSessionStop with auto-return", () => {
     const { tabs, windows } = makeApis(state);
     await handleSessionStop(sm, { session_id: "aa11" }, { tabManagement: { tabs, windows } });
     expect(ctx.refStore.isEmpty()).toBe(true);
+    expect(ctx.surfaceCaptures.size()).toBe(0);
   });
 
   it.each([

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/snapshot-ref.test.ts

@@ -24,10 +24,16 @@ describe("lookupSnapshotRef", () => {
     expect(lookupSnapshotRef(ctx, "@e3", 4)).toEqual({
       backendNodeId: 1234,
       refKey: "e3",
+      kind: "dom",
+      capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
+      generation: 0,
     });
     expect(lookupSnapshotRef(ctx, "e3", 4)).toEqual({
       backendNodeId: 1234,
       refKey: "e3",
+      kind: "dom",
+      capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
+      generation: 0,
     });
   });
 
@@ -53,6 +59,8 @@ describe("resolveSnapshotRef", () => {
       tabId: 4,
       frameId: "child-frame",
       cdpSessionId: "child-session",
+      kind: "dom",
+      capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
     });
 
     const expected = {
@@ -60,6 +68,9 @@ describe("resolveSnapshotRef", () => {
       refKey: "e3",
       frameId: "child-frame",
       cdpSessionId: "child-session",
+      kind: "dom" as const,
+      capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"] as const,
+      generation: 0,
     };
     expect(lookupSnapshotRef(ctx, "@e3", 4)).toEqual(expected);
     expect(resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, "@e3", 4)).toEqual(expected);
@@ -105,6 +116,29 @@ describe("resolveSnapshotRef", () => {
     expect(resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, "@e3", 4)).toEqual({
       backendNodeId: 1234,
       refKey: "e3",
+      kind: "dom",
+      capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
+      generation: 0,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("rejects an operation outside the ref's declared capabilities", async () => {
+    const sm = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow([100]) });
+    const ctx = await sm.start("aa11");
+    ctx.refStore.set("e3", 1234, {
+      tabId: 4,
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+    });
+
+    expect(resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, "@e3", 4, "interact")).toMatchObject({
+      code: "permission_denied",
+      message: "ref @e3 does not support interact",
+      data: {
+        reason: "ref_capability_denied",
+        required_capability: "interact",
+        kind: "surface",
+      },
     });
   });
 });

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/surface-coordinate.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import {
+  mapImagePointToViewport,
+  pointInRegion,
+  sameRect,
+  surfaceVisibleRect,
+} from "../surface-coordinate";
+
+describe("surface coordinate mapping", () => {
+  it("maps capture image pixels through the actual screenshot dimensions", () => {
+    expect(mapImagePointToViewport({ x: 100, y: 50, w: 400, h: 200 }, 800, 400, 200, 100)).toEqual({
+      x: 200,
+      y: 100,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("rejects invalid image coordinates and dimensions", () => {
+    const rect = { x: 0, y: 0, w: 100, h: 50 };
+    expect(mapImagePointToViewport(rect, 100, 50, -1, 0)).toBeNull();
+    expect(mapImagePointToViewport(rect, 100, 50, 100, 0)).toBeNull();
+    expect(mapImagePointToViewport(rect, 100, 50, 0, 50)).toBeNull();
+    expect(mapImagePointToViewport(rect, 100, 50, Number.NaN, 0)).toBeNull();
+    expect(mapImagePointToViewport(rect, 100, 50, Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 0)).toBeNull();
+    expect(mapImagePointToViewport(rect, 0, 50, 0, 0)).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it("intersects live and observed visible regions and compares them strictly", () => {
+    const clipped = surfaceVisibleRect(
+      { x: 0, y: 0, width: 200, height: 100 },
+      { x: 25, y: 30, w: 50, h: 40 },
+    );
+    expect(clipped).toEqual({ x: 25, y: 30, w: 50, h: 40 });
+    expect(sameRect(clipped as NonNullable<typeof clipped>, { x: 25, y: 30, w: 50, h: 40 })).toBe(
+      true,
+    );
+    expect(sameRect(clipped as NonNullable<typeof clipped>, { x: 26, y: 30, w: 50, h: 40 })).toBe(
+      false,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("checks the projected visible region rather than only its bounding box", () => {
+    const triangle = [
+      [
+        { x: 0, y: 0 },
+        { x: 100, y: 0 },
+        { x: 0, y: 100 },
+      ],
+    ];
+    expect(pointInRegion({ x: 20, y: 20 }, triangle)).toBe(true);
+    expect(pointInRegion({ x: 90, y: 90 }, triangle)).toBe(false);
+  });
+});

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/surface-target.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { SessionManager } from "@/session-manager/manager";
+import type { CdpRunner } from "../shared";
+import {
+  captureSurfaceEnvironment,
+  resolveSurfacePointerTarget,
+  SURFACE_POINTER_MOVE_SETTLE_MS,
+} from "../surface-target";
+
+function fakeAgentWindow() {
+  return {
+    create: vi.fn(async () => 100),
+    remove: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    ensureActiveTab: vi.fn(async () => 1),
+  };
+}
+
+function fakeBrowser() {
+  let loaderId = "loader-1";
+  let pageY = 0;
+  let quad = [10, 20, 110, 20, 110, 60, 10, 60];
+  const sent: Array<{ method: string; params?: object }> = [];
+  const cdp: CdpRunner = {
+    send: vi.fn(async (_tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => {
+      sent.push({ method, params });
+      if (method === "Page.getFrameTree") {
+        return {
+          frameTree: { frame: { id: "main", loaderId, url: "https://fixture.test/" } },
+        } as never;
+      }
+      if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+        return {
+          cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 800, clientHeight: 600, pageX: 0, pageY },
+          cssVisualViewport: {
+            clientWidth: 800,
+            clientHeight: 600,
+            pageX: 0,
+            pageY,
+            scale: 1,
+          },
+        } as never;
+      }
+      if (method === "DOM.getContentQuads") return { quads: [quad] } as never;
+      throw new Error(`unexpected CDP call ${method}`);
+    }) as CdpRunner["send"],
+    trackSessionTab: vi.fn(),
+  };
+  return {
+    cdp,
+    sent,
+    setLoaderId: (value: string) => {
+      loaderId = value;
+    },
+    setPageY: (value: number) => {
+      pageY = value;
+    },
+    setQuad: (value: number[]) => {
+      quad = value;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+async function setupCapture() {
+  const manager = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow() });
+  const context = await manager.start("aa11");
+  context.refStore.set("e3", 99, {
+    tabId: 4,
+    kind: "surface",
+    visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 40 },
+  });
+  const browser = fakeBrowser();
+  const environment = await captureSurfaceEnvironment(browser.cdp, 4, undefined);
+  if ("code" in environment) throw new Error(environment.message);
+  const entry = context.refStore.resolveEntry("e3");
+  if (!entry) throw new Error("missing ref");
+  const capture = context.surfaceCaptures.create({
+    sessionId: "aa11",
+    tabId: 4,
+    navigationIdentity: environment.navigationIdentity,
+    surface: {
+      ref: "e3",
+      backendNodeId: 99,
+      observationGeneration: entry.generation,
+    },
+    topViewportRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 40 },
+    imageWidth: 200,
+    imageHeight: 80,
+    viewportSignature: environment.viewportSignature,
+    frameProjectionSignature: environment.frameProjectionSignature,
+  });
+  return { manager, context, browser, capture };
+}
+
+function pointParams(captureId: string) {
+  return {
+    ref: "@e3",
+    captureId,
+    imageX: 50,
+    imageY: 20,
+  };
+}
+
+describe("Surface screenshot-bound pointer target", () => {
+  it("maps one fresh capture coordinate without executing an action", async () => {
+    const { context, browser, capture } = await setupCapture();
+    const result = await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+      context,
+      { tabId: 4 },
+      pointParams(capture.id),
+      { cdp: browser.cdp },
+    );
+
+    if ("code" in result) throw new Error(JSON.stringify(result));
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      usedRef: "e3",
+      point: { x: 35, y: 30 },
+      moveSettleMs: SURFACE_POINTER_MOVE_SETTLE_MS,
+      capture: { id: capture.id, imageX: 50, imageY: 20 },
+    });
+    expect(browser.sent.some((call) => call.method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent")).toBe(false);
+
+    const repeated = await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+      context,
+      { tabId: 4 },
+      pointParams(capture.id),
+      { cdp: browser.cdp },
+    );
+    expect(repeated).toMatchObject({
+      code: "permission_denied",
+      data: { reason: "surface_capture_consumed" },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("rejects a new observation generation before sending input", async () => {
+    const { context, browser, capture } = await setupCapture();
+    context.refStore.replace([
+      [
+        "e3",
+        {
+          backendNodeId: 99,
+          tabId: 4,
+          kind: "surface" as const,
+          visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 40 },
+        },
+      ],
+    ]);
+
+    const result = await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+      context,
+      { tabId: 4 },
+      pointParams(capture.id),
+      { cdp: browser.cdp },
+    );
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      code: "permission_denied",
+      data: { reason: "surface_capture_stale" },
+    });
+    expect(browser.sent.some((call) => call.method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("rejects navigation, scroll, and visible geometry changes", async () => {
+    for (const mutate of [
+      (browser: ReturnType<typeof fakeBrowser>) => browser.setLoaderId("loader-2"),
+      (browser: ReturnType<typeof fakeBrowser>) => browser.setPageY(20),
+      (browser: ReturnType<typeof fakeBrowser>) =>
+        browser.setQuad([11, 20, 111, 20, 111, 60, 11, 60]),
+    ]) {
+      const { context, browser, capture } = await setupCapture();
+      mutate(browser);
+      const result = await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+        context,
+        { tabId: 4 },
+        pointParams(capture.id),
+        { cdp: browser.cdp },
+      );
+      expect(result).toMatchObject({
+        code: "permission_denied",
+        data: { reason: "surface_capture_stale" },
+      });
+      expect(browser.sent.some((call) => call.method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent")).toBe(false);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("consumes the capture when coordinate validation fails", async () => {
+    const invalid = await setupCapture();
+    const outside = await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+      invalid.context,
+      { tabId: 4 },
+      { ...pointParams(invalid.capture.id), imageX: 200 },
+      { cdp: invalid.browser.cdp },
+    );
+    expect(outside).toMatchObject({
+      code: "invalid_params",
+      data: { reason: "surface_coordinate_invalid" },
+    });
+    expect(
+      await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+        invalid.context,
+        { tabId: 4 },
+        pointParams(invalid.capture.id),
+        { cdp: invalid.browser.cdp },
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({ data: { reason: "surface_capture_consumed" } });
+  });
+
+  it("maps image coordinates through an OOPIF frame projection", async () => {
+    const manager = new SessionManager({ agentWindow: fakeAgentWindow() });
+    const context = await manager.start("aa11");
+    context.refStore.set("e3", 99, {
+      tabId: 4,
+      frameId: "child",
+      cdpSessionId: "child-session",
+      kind: "surface",
+      visibleRect: { x: 120, y: 110, w: 100, h: 40 },
+    });
+    const graph = {
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      frames: [
+        { frameId: "main", target: { tabId: 4 } },
+        {
+          frameId: "child",
+          parentFrameId: "main",
+          ownerBackendNodeId: 77,
+          target: { tabId: 4, sessionId: "child-session" },
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    const sent: Array<{ method: string; params?: object }> = [];
+    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
+      send: vi.fn(async (_tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => {
+        sent.push({ method, params });
+        if (method === "Page.getFrameTree") {
+          return {
+            frameTree: {
+              frame: { id: "main", loaderId: "loader-1", url: "https://fixture.test/" },
+            },
+          } as never;
+        }
+        if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+          return {
+            cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 800, clientHeight: 600, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
+            cssVisualViewport: {
+              clientWidth: 800,
+              clientHeight: 600,
+              pageX: 0,
+              pageY: 0,
+              scale: 1,
+            },
+          } as never;
+        }
+        if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel") {
+          return { model: { content: [100, 100, 300, 100, 300, 200, 100, 200] } } as never;
+        }
+        if (method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent") return {} as never;
+        throw new Error(`unexpected root CDP call ${method}`);
+      }) as CdpRunner["send"],
+      sendToTarget: vi.fn(async (_target, method) => {
+        if (method === "DOM.getContentQuads") {
+          return { quads: [[20, 10, 120, 10, 120, 50, 20, 50]] } as never;
+        }
+        if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+          return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 200, clientHeight: 100 } } as never;
+        }
+        throw new Error(`unexpected child CDP call ${method}`);
+      }) as CdpRunner["sendToTarget"],
+      getFrameGraph: vi.fn(async () => graph),
+      trackSessionTab: vi.fn(),
+    };
+    const environment = await captureSurfaceEnvironment(cdp, 4, "child");
+    if ("code" in environment) throw new Error(environment.message);
+    const entry = context.refStore.resolveEntry("e3");
+    if (!entry) throw new Error("missing ref");
+    const capture = context.surfaceCaptures.create({
+      sessionId: "aa11",
+      tabId: 4,
+      navigationIdentity: environment.navigationIdentity,
+      surface: {
+        ref: "e3",
+        frameId: "child",
+        backendNodeId: 99,
+        observationGeneration: entry.generation,
+      },
+      topViewportRect: { x: 120, y: 110, w: 100, h: 40 },
+      imageWidth: 200,
+      imageHeight: 80,
+      viewportSignature: environment.viewportSignature,
+      frameProjectionSignature: environment.frameProjectionSignature,
+    });
+
+    const result = await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+      context,
+      { tabId: 4 },
+      {
+        ref: "@e3",
+        captureId: capture.id,
+        imageX: 100,
+        imageY: 40,
+      },
+      { cdp },
+    );
+
+    if ("code" in result) throw new Error(JSON.stringify(result));
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ point: { x: 170, y: 130 } });
+    expect(sent.some((call) => call.method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent")).toBe(false);
+  });
+});

apps/extension/src/tools/frame-geometry.ts

@@ -1,21 +1,24 @@
-import { type CdpTarget, cdpTargetKey } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
+import { type CdpFrame, type CdpFrameGraph, type CdpTarget } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
 import type { RpcError } from "@/transport/types";
 import { nodeContentRegion, scrollNodeIntoView } from "./element-geometry";
 import {
   clipPolygon,
+  type GeometryProjection,
   type Point,
   type Polygon,
+  type ProjectiveEdge,
+  parseCdpQuad,
   polygonArea,
   polygonCentroid,
   projectRegionToViewport,
+  type Quad,
   type Region,
   rectPolygon,
   regionBounds,
+  type Size,
   type ViewportRect,
 } from "./geometry";
-import type { CssViewport } from "./geometry/coordinate-types";
+import { type CdpRunner, cdpRunnerForTarget, isRpcError, sendToCdpTarget } from "./shared";
-import { cssViewport, GeometryContext } from "./geometry/frame-context";
-import { type CdpRunner, cdpRunnerForTarget, isRpcError } from "./shared";
 
 export interface NodeAddress {
   target: CdpTarget;
@@ -24,8 +27,6 @@ export interface NodeAddress {
 }
 
 export interface ResolvedNodeGeometry {
-  /** The same top-level measurement used by projection, for screenshot coordinate adaptation. */
-  topViewport: CssViewport;
   topVisibleRegions: Region;
   topBounds: ViewportRect;
   /** Point in the top-level tab viewport, used by root-target input events. */
@@ -38,16 +39,145 @@ function geometryError(message: string): RpcError {
   return { code: "cdp_failed", message };
 }
 
+function frameMap(graph: CdpFrameGraph): Map<string, CdpFrame> {
+  return new Map(graph.frames.map((frame) => [frame.frameId, frame]));
+}
+
+function targetRootFrame(byId: Map<string, CdpFrame>, frame: CdpFrame): CdpFrame | null {
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  let current = frame;
+  while (current.parentFrameId) {
+    if (seen.has(current.frameId)) return null;
+    seen.add(current.frameId);
+    const parent = byId.get(current.parentFrameId);
+    if (!parent || parent.target.sessionId !== current.target.sessionId) break;
+    current = parent;
+  }
+  return current;
+}
+
+function frameAncestry(graph: CdpFrameGraph, frameId: string): CdpFrame[] | null {
+  const byId = frameMap(graph);
+  const path: CdpFrame[] = [];
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  let current = byId.get(frameId);
+  if (!current) return null;
+  while (current.parentFrameId) {
+    if (seen.has(current.frameId)) return null;
+    seen.add(current.frameId);
+    path.push(current);
+    const parent = byId.get(current.parentFrameId);
+    if (!parent) return null;
+    current = parent;
+  }
+  return path;
+}
+
+async function targetViewport(cdp: CdpRunner, target: CdpTarget): Promise<Size | null> {
+  const metrics = await sendToCdpTarget<{
+    cssLayoutViewport?: { clientWidth?: number; clientHeight?: number };
+    layoutViewport?: { clientWidth?: number; clientHeight?: number };
+  }>(cdp, target, "Page.getLayoutMetrics", {});
+  const viewport = metrics.cssLayoutViewport ?? metrics.layoutViewport ?? {};
+  const width = viewport.clientWidth ?? 0;
+  const height = viewport.clientHeight ?? 0;
+  return width > 0 && height > 0 ? { width, height } : null;
+}
+
+async function ownerContentQuad(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  parent: CdpFrame,
+  ownerBackendNodeId: number,
+): Promise<Quad | null> {
+  const result = await sendToCdpTarget<{ model?: { content?: number[] } }>(
+    cdp,
+    parent.target,
+    "DOM.getBoxModel",
+    { backendNodeId: ownerBackendNodeId },
+  );
+  return parseCdpQuad(result.model?.content);
+}
+
+async function sameTargetFrameClips(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  byId: Map<string, CdpFrame>,
+  frame: CdpFrame,
+  targetRoot: CdpFrame,
+): Promise<Polygon[] | null> {
+  const clips: Polygon[] = [];
+  let current = frame;
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  while (current.frameId !== targetRoot.frameId) {
+    if (seen.has(current.frameId) || !current.parentFrameId) return null;
+    seen.add(current.frameId);
+    const parent = byId.get(current.parentFrameId);
+    if (!parent || current.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) return null;
+    const clip = await ownerContentQuad(cdp, parent, current.ownerBackendNodeId);
+    if (!clip) return null;
+    clips.push(clip);
+    current = parent;
+  }
+  return clips;
+}
+
+export async function resolveFrameProjection(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  graph: CdpFrameGraph,
+  frameId: string,
+): Promise<GeometryProjection | null> {
+  const byId = frameMap(graph);
+  const frame = byId.get(frameId);
+  if (!frame) return null;
+  let targetRoot = targetRootFrame(byId, frame);
+  if (!targetRoot) return null;
+  const sourceViewport = await targetViewport(cdp, targetRoot.target);
+  if (!sourceViewport) return null;
+  const sourceClips = await sameTargetFrameClips(cdp, byId, frame, targetRoot);
+  if (!sourceClips) return null;
+
+  const edges: ProjectiveEdge[] = [];
+  while (targetRoot.parentFrameId) {
+    const parent = byId.get(targetRoot.parentFrameId);
+    if (!parent || targetRoot.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) return null;
+    const destinationQuad = await ownerContentQuad(cdp, parent, targetRoot.ownerBackendNodeId);
+    if (!destinationQuad) return null;
+    const source =
+      edges.length === 0 ? sourceViewport : await targetViewport(cdp, targetRoot.target);
+    if (!source) return null;
+    const parentTargetRoot = targetRootFrame(byId, parent);
+    if (!parentTargetRoot) return null;
+    const destinationClips = await sameTargetFrameClips(cdp, byId, parent, parentTargetRoot);
+    if (!destinationClips) return null;
+    edges.push({ sourceViewport: source, destinationQuad, destinationClips });
+    targetRoot = parentTargetRoot;
+  }
+
+  const topViewport =
+    edges.length === 0 ? sourceViewport : await targetViewport(cdp, targetRoot.target);
+  return topViewport ? { sourceClips, edges, topViewport } : null;
+}
+
+async function loadFrameGraph(cdp: CdpRunner, tabId: number): Promise<CdpFrameGraph | null> {
+  if (!cdp.getFrameGraph) return null;
+  try {
+    return await cdp.getFrameGraph(tabId);
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.debug("[bsk frame-geometry] frame graph resolution failed", error);
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
 async function scrollFrameOwners(
   cdp: CdpRunner,
   tabId: number,
-  context: GeometryContext,
+  graph: CdpFrameGraph,
   frameId: string,
 ): Promise<RpcError | null> {
-  const ancestry = await context.ancestry(frameId);
+  const byId = frameMap(graph);
+  const ancestry = frameAncestry(graph, frameId);
   if (!ancestry) return geometryError(`could not resolve frame ancestry for ${frameId}`);
   for (const child of [...ancestry].reverse()) {
-    const parent = child.parentFrameId ? await context.frame(child.parentFrameId) : undefined;
+    const parent = child.parentFrameId ? byId.get(child.parentFrameId) : undefined;
     if (!parent || child.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) {
       return geometryError(`could not resolve frame owner for ${child.frameId}`);
     }
@@ -61,20 +191,17 @@ async function scrollFrameOwners(
   return null;
 }
 
-async function scrollElementWithContext(
+async function scrollElementWithFrameGraph(
   cdp: CdpRunner,
   tabId: number,
   target: CdpTarget,
   backendNodeId: number,
   frameId: string | undefined,
-  context: GeometryContext,
+  graph: CdpFrameGraph | null,
 ): Promise<RpcError | null> {
   if (frameId) {
-    const frame = await context.frame(frameId);
+    if (!graph) return geometryError(`could not resolve frame graph for ${frameId}`);
-    if (!frame || cdpTargetKey(frame.target) !== cdpTargetKey(target)) {
+    const error = await scrollFrameOwners(cdp, tabId, graph, frameId);
-      return geometryError("node frame does not belong to its target");
-    }
-    const error = await scrollFrameOwners(cdp, tabId, context, frameId);
     if (error) return error;
   } else if (target.sessionId) {
     return geometryError("an OOPIF node address requires frameId");
@@ -89,15 +216,8 @@ export async function scrollElementAndFramesIntoView(
   backendNodeId: number,
   frameId?: string,
 ): Promise<RpcError | null> {
-  if (target.tabId !== tabId) return geometryError("node target belongs to another tab");
+  const graph = frameId ? await loadFrameGraph(cdp, tabId) : null;
-  return scrollElementWithContext(
+  return scrollElementWithFrameGraph(cdp, tabId, target, backendNodeId, frameId, graph);
-    cdp,
-    tabId,
-    target,
-    backendNodeId,
-    frameId,
-    new GeometryContext(cdp, tabId),
-  );
 }
 
 function largestRegion(regions: Region): Polygon | null {
@@ -120,32 +240,23 @@ export async function resolveNodeGeometry(
     if (address.target.sessionId && !address.frameId) {
       return geometryError("an OOPIF node address requires frameId");
     }
-    if (address.target.tabId !== tabId) return geometryError("node target belongs to another tab");
+    const graph = address.frameId ? await loadFrameGraph(cdp, tabId) : null;
-    const context = new GeometryContext(cdp, tabId);
-    const graph = address.frameId ? await context.graph() : null;
-    if (address.frameId && graph) {
-      const frame = await context.frame(address.frameId);
-      if (!frame || cdpTargetKey(frame.target) !== cdpTargetKey(address.target)) {
-        return geometryError("node frame does not belong to its target");
-      }
-    }
     if (address.frameId && !graph) {
       return geometryError(`could not resolve frame graph for ${address.frameId}`);
     }
 
     if (options.scrollIntoView) {
-      const scrollError = await scrollElementWithContext(
+      const scrollError = await scrollElementWithFrameGraph(
         cdp,
         tabId,
         address.target,
         address.backendNodeId,
         address.frameId,
-        context,
+        graph,
       );
       if (scrollError) return scrollError;
     }
 
-    // Only topology was read above. Begin live measurements after scrolling.
     const localRegion = await nodeContentRegion(
       cdpRunnerForTarget(cdp, address.target),
       tabId,
@@ -156,7 +267,7 @@ export async function resolveNodeGeometry(
     let topVisibleRegions: Region;
     let targetActionPoint: Point | null = null;
     if (address.frameId && graph) {
-      const projection = await context.targetProjection(address.frameId);
+      const projection = await resolveFrameProjection(cdp, graph, address.frameId);
       if (!projection)
         return geometryError(`could not resolve frame geometry for ${address.frameId}`);
       topVisibleRegions = projectRegionToViewport(localRegion, projection);
@@ -179,7 +290,7 @@ export async function resolveNodeGeometry(
         targetActionPoint = localActionRegion ? polygonCentroid(localActionRegion) : null;
       }
     } else {
-      const viewport = await context.viewport(address.target);
+      const viewport = await targetViewport(cdp, address.target);
       if (!viewport) return geometryError("could not resolve top viewport geometry");
       topVisibleRegions = localRegion
         .map((polygon) =>
@@ -198,13 +309,7 @@ export async function resolveNodeGeometry(
       return { code: "permission_denied", message: "element not visible in its target" };
     }
     targetActionPoint ??= actionPoint;
-    return {
+    return { topVisibleRegions, topBounds, actionPoint, targetActionPoint };
-      topVisibleRegions,
-      topBounds,
-      actionPoint,
-      targetActionPoint,
-      topViewport: cssViewport(await context.layoutMetrics({ tabId })),
-    };
   } catch (error) {
     return geometryError(error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error));
   }

apps/extension/src/tools/geometry.ts

@@ -245,3 +245,22 @@ export function projectRectToViewport(
   if (!rect) return null;
   return regionBounds(projectRegionToViewport([rectPolygon(rect)], projection));
 }
+
+export function childFrameProjection(
+  parent: GeometryProjection,
+  ownerRectInParent: { x: number; y: number; w: number; h: number },
+): GeometryProjection {
+  const destinationQuad = rectPolygon(ownerRectInParent);
+  return {
+    sourceClips: [],
+    edges: [
+      {
+        sourceViewport: { width: ownerRectInParent.w, height: ownerRectInParent.h },
+        destinationQuad,
+        destinationClips: parent.sourceClips,
+      },
+      ...parent.edges,
+    ],
+    topViewport: parent.topViewport,
+  };
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/geometry/coordinate-types.ts

@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-import { type CdpTarget, cdpTargetKey } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
-import type { GeometryProjection, ViewportRect } from "../geometry";
-import { projectRectToViewport } from "../geometry";
-
-export interface CoordinateOwner {
-  target: CdpTarget;
-  frameId?: string;
-}
-
-export interface FrameViewportRect {
-  space: "frame-viewport-css";
-  owner: CoordinateOwner;
-  rect: ViewportRect;
-}
-
-export interface SnapshotProjection {
-  source: CoordinateOwner;
-  geometry: GeometryProjection;
-}
-
-/** A failed owner read is different from a successfully projected, clipped-out rect. */
-export interface UnavailableFrameProjection {
-  status: "unavailable";
-  source: CoordinateOwner;
-  ownerBackendNodeId: number;
-}
-
-export type SnapshotProjectionResult =
-  | { status: "available"; projection: SnapshotProjection }
-  | UnavailableFrameProjection;
-
-/** Descendants inherit the failed boundary without attempting another owner read. */
-export type FrameProjectionIssue =
-  | UnavailableFrameProjection
-  | { status: "blocked"; source: CoordinateOwner; cause: UnavailableFrameProjection };
-
-export type FrameProjectionState = SnapshotProjectionResult | FrameProjectionIssue;
-
-/** DOMSnapshot bounds are document-relative CSS pixels, independent of raster DPR. */
-export function snapshotViewportRect(
-  bounds: number[],
-  owner: CoordinateOwner,
-  scroll: { x: number; y: number },
-): FrameViewportRect | null {
-  if (bounds.length < 4 || !bounds.slice(0, 4).every(Number.isFinite)) return null;
-  const [x, y, width, height] = bounds;
-  if (width <= 0 || height <= 0 || !Number.isFinite(scroll.x) || !Number.isFinite(scroll.y)) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  return {
-    space: "frame-viewport-css",
-    owner,
-    rect: { x: x - scroll.x, y: y - scroll.y, width, height },
-  };
-}
-
-export function projectSnapshotRect(
-  input: FrameViewportRect,
-  projection: SnapshotProjection,
-): ViewportRect | null {
-  if (
-    input.owner.frameId !== projection.source.frameId ||
-    cdpTargetKey(input.owner.target) !== cdpTargetKey(projection.source.target)
-  ) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const { x, y, width: w, height: h } = input.rect;
-  return projectRectToViewport({ x, y, w, h }, projection.geometry);
-}
-
-/** CSS viewport metadata; browser zoom is distinct from raster devicePixelRatio. */
-export interface CssViewport {
-  width: number;
-  height: number;
-  scrollX: number;
-  scrollY: number;
-  cssToDip: number;
-}
-
-/** Page.captureScreenshot takes page-relative DIP, not viewport-relative CSS pixels. */
-export function screenshotPageRect(
-  rect: ViewportRect,
-  viewport: CssViewport,
-): { space: "page-dip"; rect: ViewportRect } | null {
-  const { cssToDip, scrollX, scrollY } = viewport;
-  if (
-    ![rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, rect.height, cssToDip, scrollX, scrollY].every(Number.isFinite) ||
-    cssToDip <= 0 ||
-    rect.width <= 0 ||
-    rect.height <= 0
-  )
-    return null;
-  return {
-    space: "page-dip",
-    rect: {
-      x: (rect.x + scrollX) * cssToDip,
-      y: (rect.y + scrollY) * cssToDip,
-      width: rect.width * cssToDip,
-      height: rect.height * cssToDip,
-    },
-  };
-}

apps/extension/src/tools/geometry/frame-context.ts

@@ -1,333 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  type CdpFrame,
-  type CdpFrameGraph,
-  type CdpTarget,
-  cdpTargetKey,
-} from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
-import {
-  type GeometryProjection,
-  type Polygon,
-  type ProjectiveEdge,
-  parseCdpQuad,
-  type Quad,
-  type Size,
-} from "../geometry";
-import { type CdpRunner, sendToCdpTarget } from "../shared";
-import type { CoordinateOwner, CssViewport, SnapshotProjectionResult } from "./coordinate-types";
-
-import { readSnapshotOwnerSizes } from "./snapshot-owner-sizes";
-
-export interface LayoutMetrics {
-  cssVisualViewport?: { zoom?: number };
-  visualViewport?: { zoom?: number };
-  cssLayoutViewport?: {
-    clientWidth?: number;
-    clientHeight?: number;
-    pageX?: number;
-    pageY?: number;
-  };
-  layoutViewport?: { clientWidth?: number; clientHeight?: number; pageX?: number; pageY?: number };
-}
-
-/** The legacy field is a compatibility fallback, never a source of raster DPR. */
-export function cssViewport(metrics: LayoutMetrics): CssViewport {
-  const value = metrics.cssLayoutViewport ?? metrics.layoutViewport;
-  return {
-    width: value?.clientWidth ?? 0,
-    height: value?.clientHeight ?? 0,
-    scrollX: value?.pageX ?? 0,
-    scrollY: value?.pageY ?? 0,
-    cssToDip: metrics.cssVisualViewport?.zoom ?? metrics.visualViewport?.zoom ?? 1,
-  };
-}
-
-/** One read-only measurement phase. Discard after scrolling or any later operation. */
-export class GeometryContext {
-  private readonly metrics = new Map<string, Promise<LayoutMetrics>>();
-  private readonly owners = new Map<string, Promise<Quad | null>>();
-  private readonly projections = new Map<string, Promise<GeometryProjection | null>>();
-  private readonly snapshotOwners = new Map<string, Promise<{ quad: Quad; size: Size } | null>>();
-  private readonly sizeBatches = new Map<string, () => Promise<Map<number, Size>>>();
-  private active = 0;
-  private readonly waiting: Array<() => void> = [];
-  private graphPromise?: Promise<CdpFrameGraph | null>;
-  private framesPromise?: Promise<Map<string, CdpFrame>>;
-
-  constructor(
-    private readonly cdp: CdpRunner,
-    private readonly tabId: number,
-    graph?: CdpFrameGraph,
-    private readonly signal?: AbortSignal,
-  ) {
-    if (graph) this.graphPromise = Promise.resolve(graph);
-  }
-
-  private async request<T>(
-    target: CdpTarget,
-    method: string,
-    params: object,
-    cleanup = false,
-  ): Promise<T> {
-    if (!cleanup && this.signal?.aborted) throw new DOMException("geometry aborted", "AbortError");
-    if (this.active >= 4) await new Promise<void>((resolve) => this.waiting.push(resolve));
-    else this.active++;
-    try {
-      if (!cleanup && this.signal?.aborted)
-        throw new DOMException("geometry aborted", "AbortError");
-      return await sendToCdpTarget<T>(this.cdp, target, method, params);
-    } finally {
-      const next = this.waiting.shift();
-      if (next) next();
-      else this.active--;
-    }
-  }
-
-  graph(): Promise<CdpFrameGraph | null> {
-    this.graphPromise ??=
-      this.cdp.getFrameGraph?.(this.tabId).catch(() => null) ?? Promise.resolve(null);
-    return this.graphPromise;
-  }
-
-  private frames(): Promise<Map<string, CdpFrame>> {
-    this.framesPromise ??= this.graph().then(
-      (graph) => new Map(graph?.frames.map((frame) => [frame.frameId, frame]) ?? []),
-    );
-    return this.framesPromise;
-  }
-
-  async frame(frameId: string): Promise<CdpFrame | undefined> {
-    return (await this.frames()).get(frameId);
-  }
-
-  /** Topology only: safe to resolve before the caller scrolls frame owners. */
-  async ancestry(frameId: string): Promise<CdpFrame[] | null> {
-    const frames = await this.frames();
-    const path: CdpFrame[] = [];
-    const seen = new Set<string>();
-    let current = frames.get(frameId);
-    if (!current) return null;
-    while (current.parentFrameId) {
-      if (seen.has(current.frameId)) return null;
-      seen.add(current.frameId);
-      path.push(current);
-      const parent = frames.get(current.parentFrameId);
-      if (!parent) return null;
-      current = parent;
-    }
-    return path;
-  }
-
-  layoutMetrics(target: CdpTarget): Promise<LayoutMetrics> {
-    const key = cdpTargetKey(target);
-    let promise = this.metrics.get(key);
-    if (!promise) {
-      promise = this.request<LayoutMetrics>(target, "Page.getLayoutMetrics", {});
-      this.metrics.set(key, promise);
-    }
-    return promise;
-  }
-
-  async viewport(target: CdpTarget): Promise<Size | null> {
-    const { width, height } = cssViewport(await this.layoutMetrics(target));
-    return Number.isFinite(width) && Number.isFinite(height) && width > 0 && height > 0
-      ? { width, height }
-      : null;
-  }
-
-  ownerContent(target: CdpTarget, backendNodeId: number): Promise<Quad | null> {
-    const key = `${cdpTargetKey(target)}:${backendNodeId}`;
-    let promise = this.owners.get(key);
-    if (!promise) {
-      promise = this.request<{ model?: { content?: number[] } }>(target, "DOM.getBoxModel", {
-        backendNodeId,
-      }).then((reply) => parseCdpQuad(reply.model?.content));
-      this.owners.set(key, promise);
-    }
-    return promise;
-  }
-
-  /** Same-target owner quads are already target-relative, including nested owners. */
-  async snapshotProjection(
-    source: CoordinateOwner,
-    ownerBackendNodeId: number,
-    ancestorClips: Polygon[],
-    viewport: Size,
-  ): Promise<SnapshotProjectionResult> {
-    const key = `${cdpTargetKey(source.target)}:${ownerBackendNodeId}`;
-    let promise = this.snapshotOwners.get(key);
-    if (!promise) {
-      promise = this.snapshotOwner(source.target, ownerBackendNodeId);
-      this.snapshotOwners.set(key, promise);
-    }
-    let owner: { quad: Quad; size: Size } | null;
-    try {
-      owner = await promise;
-    } catch (error) {
-      if (error && typeof error === "object" && "name" in error && error.name === "AbortError")
-        throw error;
-      console.debug("[bsk geometry] frame owner unavailable", error);
-      owner = null;
-    }
-    return owner
-      ? {
-          status: "available",
-          projection: {
-            source,
-            geometry: {
-              sourceClips: [],
-              edges: [
-                {
-                  sourceViewport: owner.size,
-                  destinationQuad: owner.quad,
-                  destinationClips: ancestorClips,
-                },
-              ],
-              topViewport: viewport,
-            },
-          },
-        }
-      : { status: "unavailable", source, ownerBackendNodeId };
-  }
-
-  /** Register one target's snapshot owners; the batch starts only when a
-   * projection actually needs a size. Single owners keep the cheaper old path. */
-  registerSnapshotOwners(target: CdpTarget, owners: ReadonlySet<number>): void {
-    const key = cdpTargetKey(target);
-    if (owners.size < 2 || this.sizeBatches.has(key)) return;
-    let pending: Promise<Map<number, Size>> | undefined;
-    this.sizeBatches.set(key, () => {
-      pending ??= readSnapshotOwnerSizes(
-        (method, params, cleanup) => this.request(target, method, params, cleanup),
-        owners,
-      ).catch((error) => {
-        if (error && typeof error === "object" && "name" in error && error.name === "AbortError")
-          throw error;
-        return new Map<number, Size>();
-      });
-      return pending;
-    });
-  }
-
-  private async snapshotOwner(
-    target: CdpTarget,
-    backendNodeId: number,
-  ): Promise<{ quad: Quad; size: Size } | null> {
-    const quad = await this.ownerContent(target, backendNodeId);
-    if (!quad) return null;
-    const batchSize = (await this.sizeBatches.get(cdpTargetKey(target))?.())?.get(backendNodeId);
-    if (this.signal?.aborted) throw new DOMException("geometry aborted", "AbortError");
-    if (batchSize) return { quad, size: batchSize };
-    const resolved = await this.request<{ object?: { objectId?: string } }>(
-      target,
-      "DOM.resolveNode",
-      { backendNodeId },
-    );
-    const objectId = resolved.object?.objectId;
-    if (!objectId) return null;
-    try {
-      const reply = await this.request<{ result?: { value?: Size }; exceptionDetails?: unknown }>(
-        target,
-        "Runtime.callFunctionOn",
-        {
-          objectId,
-          functionDeclaration: `function() {
-          if (!this.isConnected) return null;
-          const style = getComputedStyle(this);
-          return {
-            width: this.clientWidth - parseFloat(style.paddingLeft) - parseFloat(style.paddingRight),
-            height: this.clientHeight - parseFloat(style.paddingTop) - parseFloat(style.paddingBottom)
-          };
-        }`,
-          returnByValue: true,
-        },
-      );
-      const size = reply.result?.value;
-      return !reply.exceptionDetails &&
-        size &&
-        Number.isFinite(size.width) &&
-        Number.isFinite(size.height) &&
-        size.width > 0 &&
-        size.height > 0
-        ? { quad, size }
-        : null;
-    } finally {
-      // Cleanup must still run if cancellation arrived after resolving the object.
-      await this.request(target, "Runtime.releaseObject", { objectId }, true).catch(() => {});
-    }
-  }
-
-  private targetRoot(frames: Map<string, CdpFrame>, frame: CdpFrame): CdpFrame | null {
-    const seen = new Set<string>();
-    let current = frame;
-    while (current.parentFrameId) {
-      if (seen.has(current.frameId)) return null;
-      seen.add(current.frameId);
-      const parent = frames.get(current.parentFrameId);
-      if (!parent) return null;
-      if (cdpTargetKey(parent.target) !== cdpTargetKey(current.target)) break;
-      current = parent;
-    }
-    return current;
-  }
-
-  private async clips(
-    frames: Map<string, CdpFrame>,
-    frame: CdpFrame,
-    root: CdpFrame,
-  ): Promise<Polygon[] | null> {
-    const clips: Polygon[] = [];
-    let current = frame;
-    const seen = new Set<string>();
-    while (current.frameId !== root.frameId) {
-      if (seen.has(current.frameId) || !current.parentFrameId) return null;
-      seen.add(current.frameId);
-      const parent = frames.get(current.parentFrameId);
-      if (!parent || current.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) return null;
-      const quad = await this.ownerContent(parent.target, current.ownerBackendNodeId);
-      if (!quad) return null;
-      clips.push(quad);
-      current = parent;
-    }
-    return clips;
-  }
-
-  /** Input is already in the frame's CDP target viewport, not its local viewport. */
-  targetProjection(frameId: string): Promise<GeometryProjection | null> {
-    let promise = this.projections.get(frameId);
-    if (!promise) {
-      promise = this.buildTargetProjection(frameId);
-      this.projections.set(frameId, promise);
-    }
-    return promise;
-  }
-
-  private async buildTargetProjection(frameId: string): Promise<GeometryProjection | null> {
-    const frames = await this.frames();
-    const frame = frames.get(frameId);
-    if (!frame) return null;
-    let root = this.targetRoot(frames, frame);
-    if (!root) return null;
-    const sourceViewport = await this.viewport(root.target);
-    if (!sourceViewport) return null;
-    const sourceClips = await this.clips(frames, frame, root);
-    if (!sourceClips) return null;
-    const edges: ProjectiveEdge[] = [];
-    const seen = new Set<string>();
-    while (root.parentFrameId) {
-      if (seen.has(root.frameId)) return null;
-      seen.add(root.frameId);
-      const parent = frames.get(root.parentFrameId);
-      if (!parent || root.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) return null;
-      const destinationQuad = await this.ownerContent(parent.target, root.ownerBackendNodeId);
-      const source = await this.viewport(root.target);
-      const parentRoot = this.targetRoot(frames, parent);
-      if (!destinationQuad || !source || !parentRoot) return null;
-      const destinationClips = await this.clips(frames, parent, parentRoot);
-      if (!destinationClips) return null;
-      edges.push({ sourceViewport: source, destinationQuad, destinationClips });
-      root = parentRoot;
-    }
-    const topViewport = await this.viewport(root.target);
-    return topViewport ? { sourceClips, edges, topViewport } : null;
-  }
-}

apps/extension/src/tools/geometry/snapshot-owner-sizes.ts

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-import type { Size } from "../geometry";
-
-interface SerializedValue {
-  type: string;
-  value?: unknown;
-}
-
-type Send = <T>(method: string, params: object, cleanup?: boolean) => Promise<T>;
-
-/** Batch only accessible frame owners. Missing/shadow/cross-origin owners keep
- * the existing node-scoped read; no page-wide style columns are requested. */
-export async function readSnapshotOwnerSizes(
-  send: Send,
-  owners: ReadonlySet<number>,
-): Promise<Map<number, Size>> {
-  const sizes = new Map<number, Size>();
-  const objectGroup = `bsk-frame-sizes-${crypto.randomUUID()}`;
-  try {
-    const reply = await send<{ result?: { deepSerializedValue?: SerializedValue } }>(
-      "Runtime.evaluate",
-      {
-        expression: `(() => {
-          const result = [];
-          const documents = [document];
-          for (let i = 0; i < documents.length && result.length < ${owners.size}; i++) {
-            for (const owner of documents[i].querySelectorAll('iframe,frame')) {
-              if (result.length >= ${owners.size}) break;
-              if (!owner.isConnected) continue;
-              const style = getComputedStyle(owner);
-              result.push([owner, JSON.stringify({
-                width: owner.clientWidth - parseFloat(style.paddingLeft) - parseFloat(style.paddingRight),
-                height: owner.clientHeight - parseFloat(style.paddingTop) - parseFloat(style.paddingBottom)
-              })]);
-              try { if (owner.contentDocument) documents.push(owner.contentDocument); } catch {}
-            }
-          }
-          return result;
-        })()`,
-        objectGroup,
-        serializationOptions: {
-          serialization: "deep",
-          maxDepth: 3,
-          additionalParameters: { maxNodeDepth: 0, includeShadowTree: "none" },
-        },
-      },
-    );
-    const result = reply.result?.deepSerializedValue;
-    if (result?.type !== "array" || !Array.isArray(result.value)) return sizes;
-    for (const entry of result.value as SerializedValue[]) {
-      if (entry.type !== "array" || !Array.isArray(entry.value)) continue;
-      const [node, data] = entry.value as SerializedValue[];
-      if (node?.type !== "node" || data?.type !== "string" || typeof data.value !== "string")
-        continue;
-      const id = (node.value as { backendNodeId?: number } | undefined)?.backendNodeId;
-      if (id === undefined || !owners.has(id)) continue;
-      try {
-        const size = JSON.parse(data.value) as Size;
-        if (
-          size &&
-          Number.isFinite(size.width) &&
-          Number.isFinite(size.height) &&
-          size.width > 0 &&
-          size.height > 0
-        )
-          sizes.set(id, size);
-      } catch {
-        /* An invalid entry uses the existing individual read. */
-      }
-    }
-  } finally {
-    await send("Runtime.releaseObjectGroup", { objectGroup }, true).catch(() => {});
-  }
-  return sizes;
-}

apps/extension/src/tools/interaction.ts

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import { attachDialogs, markDialogCursor } from "./dialogs";
 import { backendNodeToObject } from "./element-geometry";
 import { rpcError } from "./errors";
 import { resolveNodeGeometry, scrollElementAndFramesIntoView } from "./frame-geometry";
+import { dispatchMouseClick } from "./mouse-input";
 import {
   type CdpRunner,
   type ChromeTabsApi,
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ import {
   resolveTargetTab,
 } from "./shared";
 import { resolveSnapshotRef } from "./snapshot-ref";
+import { resolveSurfacePointerTarget } from "./surface-target";
 
 export interface InteractionDeps {
   cdp: CdpRunner;
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ export async function resolveBackendNode(
     };
   }
   if (hasRef) {
-    const resolved = resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, params.ref as string, target.tabId);
+    const resolved = resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, params.ref as string, target.tabId, "interact");
     if (isRpcError(resolved)) return resolved;
     return {
       backendNodeId: resolved.backendNodeId,
@@ -242,11 +244,25 @@ export async function resolveActionTarget(
 // tool.click
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+interface ResolvedClickPointerTarget {
+  point: { x: number; y: number };
+  usedRef?: string;
+  usedSelector?: string;
+  moveSettleMs: number;
+  capture?: {
+    id: string;
+    imageX: number;
+    imageY: number;
+  };
+}
+
 export async function handleClick(
   manager: SessionManager,
   params: ClickParams,
   deps: InteractionDeps = getDefaultDeps(),
 ): Promise<ClickResult | RpcError> {
+  const hasSurfacePointParams =
+    params.capture_id !== undefined || params.image_x !== undefined || params.image_y !== undefined;
   const ctxOrErr = lookupSession(manager, params, "click");
   if (isRpcError(ctxOrErr)) return ctxOrErr;
   const ctx = ctxOrErr;
@@ -256,6 +272,23 @@ export async function handleClick(
   if (isRpcError(target)) return target;
   const denied = enforceAgentWindow(ctx, target, "click");
   if (denied) return denied;
+  if (hasSurfacePointParams) {
+    const dialogCursor = markDialogCursor(deps.cdp, target.tabId);
+    const pointerTarget = await resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+      ctx,
+      target,
+      {
+        ref: params.ref,
+        selector: params.selector,
+        captureId: params.capture_id,
+        imageX: params.image_x,
+        imageY: params.image_y,
+      },
+      { cdp: deps.cdp, signal: deps.signal },
+    );
+    if (isRpcError(pointerTarget)) return pointerTarget;
+    return executeResolvedClick(ctx, target, pointerTarget, params, deps, dialogCursor);
+  }
   const resolved = await resolveActionTarget(deps.cdp, ctx, target, params, "click");
   if (isRpcError(resolved)) return resolved;
   return clickResolvedTarget(ctx, resolved, params, deps);
@@ -269,11 +302,6 @@ export async function clickResolvedTarget(
 ): Promise<ClickResult | RpcError> {
   const { tab: target } = resolved;
   const dialogCursor = markDialogCursor(deps.cdp, target.tabId);
-
-  if (throwIfAborted(deps.signal)) {
-    return { code: "cancelled", message: "click aborted" };
-  }
-
   deps.cdp.trackSessionTab?.(ctx.sessionId, target.tabId);
   const geometry = await resolveNodeGeometry(
     deps.cdp,
@@ -286,20 +314,47 @@ export async function clickResolvedTarget(
     { scrollIntoView: true },
   );
   if (isRpcError(geometry)) return geometry;
-  const centre = geometry.actionPoint;
+  return executeResolvedClick(
+    ctx,
+    target,
+    {
+      point: geometry.actionPoint,
+      usedRef: resolved.usedRef,
+      usedSelector: resolved.usedSelector,
+      moveSettleMs: 0,
+    },
+    params,
+    deps,
+    dialogCursor,
+  );
+}
 
+async function executeResolvedClick(
+  ctx: SessionContext,
+  target: ResolvedTargetTab,
+  pointerTarget: ResolvedClickPointerTarget,
+  params: Pick<ClickParams, "button" | "click_count" | "modifiers">,
+  deps: InteractionDeps,
+  dialogCursor: number,
+): Promise<ClickResult | RpcError> {
   if (throwIfAborted(deps.signal)) {
     return { code: "cancelled", message: "click aborted" };
   }
 
   const button: MouseButton = params.button ?? "left";
   const clickCount = params.click_count ?? 1;
-  if (clickCount < 1) {
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(clickCount) || clickCount < 1) {
-    return { code: "invalid_params", message: "click_count must be greater than zero" };
+    return { code: "invalid_params", message: "click_count must be a positive integer" };
   }
   const modifiers = modifiersBitfield(params.modifiers);
 
-  const overlayBlocking = await checkOverlayAtPoint(deps.cdp, target.tabId, centre.x, centre.y);
+  deps.cdp.trackSessionTab?.(ctx.sessionId, target.tabId);
+  const overlayBlocking = await checkOverlayAtPoint(
+    deps.cdp,
+    target.tabId,
+    pointerTarget.point.x,
+    pointerTarget.point.y,
+  );
   let automationBypassEnabled = false;
   if (overlayBlocking && deps.bypassOverlay) {
     try {
@@ -311,47 +366,16 @@ export async function clickResolvedTarget(
   }
 
   try {
-    // Move first so hover state activates, then press → release.
+    const dispatch = await dispatchMouseClick(deps.cdp, target.tabId, pointerTarget.point, {
-    await deps.cdp.send(target.tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
-      type: "mouseMoved",
-      x: centre.x,
-      y: centre.y,
-      modifiers,
-    });
-    if (throwIfAborted(deps.signal)) {
-      return { code: "cancelled", message: "click aborted" };
-    }
-    await deps.cdp.send(target.tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
-      type: "mousePressed",
-      x: centre.x,
-      y: centre.y,
       button,
       clickCount,
       modifiers,
+      signal: deps.signal,
+      moveSettleMs: pointerTarget.moveSettleMs,
     });
-    if (throwIfAborted(deps.signal)) {
+    if (dispatch === "cancelled") {
-      try {
-        await deps.cdp.send(target.tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
-          type: "mouseReleased",
-          x: centre.x,
-          y: centre.y,
-          button,
-          clickCount,
-          modifiers,
-        });
-      } catch (err) {
-        console.debug("[bsk interaction] best-effort mouseReleased after abort failed", err);
-      }
       return { code: "cancelled", message: "click aborted" };
     }
-    await deps.cdp.send(target.tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
-      type: "mouseReleased",
-      x: centre.x,
-      y: centre.y,
-      button,
-      clickCount,
-      modifiers,
-    });
   } catch (err) {
     return {
       code: "cdp_failed",
@@ -369,10 +393,17 @@ export async function clickResolvedTarget(
 
   return attachDialogs(deps.cdp, target.tabId, dialogCursor, {
     tab_id: target.tabId,
-    used_ref: resolved.usedRef,
+    used_ref: pointerTarget.usedRef,
-    used_selector: resolved.usedSelector,
+    used_selector: pointerTarget.usedSelector,
-    x: centre.x,
+    x: pointerTarget.point.x,
-    y: centre.y,
+    y: pointerTarget.point.y,
+    ...(pointerTarget.capture
+      ? {
+          capture_id: pointerTarget.capture.id,
+          image_x: pointerTarget.capture.imageX,
+          image_y: pointerTarget.capture.imageY,
+        }
+      : {}),
   });
 }
 

apps/extension/src/tools/mouse-input.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import type { MouseButton } from "@/transport/types";
+import type { Point } from "./geometry";
+import type { CdpRunner } from "./shared";
+
+interface MouseClickDispatchOptions {
+  button: MouseButton;
+  clickCount: number;
+  modifiers: number;
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
+  moveSettleMs?: number;
+}
+
+type MouseClickDispatchResult = "completed" | "cancelled";
+
+function waitForSettle(ms: number, signal: AbortSignal | undefined): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (ms <= 0) return Promise.resolve(signal?.aborted !== true);
+  if (signal?.aborted) return Promise.resolve(false);
+  return new Promise((resolve) => {
+    let settled = false;
+    const finish = (completed: boolean) => {
+      if (settled) return;
+      settled = true;
+      clearTimeout(timer);
+      signal?.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
+      resolve(completed);
+    };
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => finish(true), ms);
+    const onAbort = () => finish(false);
+    signal?.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Dispatch one coherent CDP mouse click in top-viewport CSS coordinates.
+ *
+ * Keeping the sequence here prevents DOM and Surface interaction paths from
+ * duplicating cancellation and best-effort release behavior. Callers that
+ * target asynchronously hit-tested content may request a settle interval.
+ */
+export async function dispatchMouseClick(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  tabId: number,
+  point: Point,
+  options: MouseClickDispatchOptions,
+): Promise<MouseClickDispatchResult> {
+  const { button, clickCount, modifiers, signal, moveSettleMs = 0 } = options;
+  let pressed = false;
+  const release = () =>
+    cdp.send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
+      type: "mouseReleased",
+      x: point.x,
+      y: point.y,
+      button,
+      clickCount,
+      modifiers,
+    });
+
+  try {
+    await cdp.send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
+      type: "mouseMoved",
+      x: point.x,
+      y: point.y,
+      modifiers,
+    });
+    if (!(await waitForSettle(moveSettleMs, signal))) return "cancelled";
+
+    await cdp.send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
+      type: "mousePressed",
+      x: point.x,
+      y: point.y,
+      button,
+      clickCount,
+      modifiers,
+    });
+    pressed = true;
+
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      await release();
+      pressed = false;
+      return "cancelled";
+    }
+
+    await release();
+    pressed = false;
+    return "completed";
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (pressed) {
+      try {
+        await release();
+      } catch (releaseError) {
+        console.debug("[bsk mouse-input] best-effort mouse release failed", releaseError);
+      }
+    }
+    throw error;
+  }
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/observation.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   applyVomInteractionRecovery,
   type CondSurface,
   isVomReferenceNode,
+  type Rect,
   renderVom,
   type VomNode,
   type VomOptions,
@@ -34,8 +35,6 @@ import type {
 import { attachDialogs, markDialogCursor } from "./dialogs";
 import { rpcError } from "./errors";
 import { resolveNodeGeometry } from "./frame-geometry";
-import { screenshotPageRect } from "./geometry/coordinate-types";
-import { cssViewport, GeometryContext } from "./geometry/frame-context";
 import {
   type ChromeTabsApi,
   enforceToolTargetScope,
@@ -49,6 +48,8 @@ import {
   type ToolEffect,
 } from "./shared";
 import { resolveSnapshotRef } from "./snapshot-ref";
+import { surfaceVisibleRect } from "./surface-coordinate";
+import { captureSurfaceEnvironment } from "./surface-target";
 import {
   type CapturedNode,
   type CapturedSurfaceProbe,
@@ -64,6 +65,11 @@ import {
   type CaptureVomObservationResult,
   projectRecordSafeObservation,
 } from "./vom/record-safe-observation";
+import {
+  clusterRenderedSurfaces,
+  discoverRenderedSurfaces,
+  projectRenderedSurfaces,
+} from "./vom/rendered-surfaces";
 import {
   buildSemanticGraph,
   buildSemanticVomScene,
@@ -95,6 +101,9 @@ export const normaliseRef = sharedNormaliseRef;
 // screenshot — `tool.screenshot`
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+const VISUAL_SURFACE_SCREENSHOT_MAX_EDGE = 2_048;
+const VISUAL_SURFACE_SCREENSHOT_MAX_PIXELS = 4_000_000;
+
 /**
  * Strip the `data:image/...;base64,` prefix from a Chrome
  * `captureVisibleTab` dataURL and return the raw base64 payload.
@@ -109,8 +118,8 @@ export function stripDataUrlPrefix(dataUrl: string): string {
 
 /**
  * Parse a PNG's IHDR chunk and return `(width, height)`. Returns
- * `null` on any malformed input so callers fall back to `0/0` instead
+ * `null` on malformed input so callers can reject dimensions that are
- * of throwing.
+ * not authoritative instead of guessing from a CSS-space rectangle.
  *
  * PNG layout: 8-byte signature, then a 4-byte length, 4-byte type
  * ("IHDR"), then the chunk data — width is bytes 16-19 BE, height is
@@ -122,9 +131,9 @@ export function parsePngDimensions(base64: string): { width: number; height: num
     const head = base64.length > 64 ? base64.slice(0, 64) : base64;
     const bin = atob(head);
     if (bin.length < 24) return null;
-    if (bin.charCodeAt(0) !== 0x89 || bin.charCodeAt(1) !== 0x50 || bin.charCodeAt(2) !== 0x4e) {
+    const expectedSignature = [0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a];
-      return null;
+    if (expectedSignature.some((byte, index) => bin.charCodeAt(index) !== byte)) return null;
-    }
+    if (bin.slice(12, 16) !== "IHDR") return null;
     const u32 = (off: number) =>
       (bin.charCodeAt(off) << 24) |
       (bin.charCodeAt(off + 1) << 16) |
@@ -187,27 +196,52 @@ async function captureElementScreenshot(
   target: CdpTarget,
   backendNodeId: number,
   frameId?: string,
+  visualSurface = false,
+  observedVisibleRect?: Rect,
   signal?: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<{ image_base64: string; width: number; height: number } | RpcError> {
+): Promise<
+  { image_base64: string; width: number; height: number; topViewportRect: Rect } | RpcError
+> {
   if (signal?.aborted) return cancelled("screenshot");
   const geometry = await resolveNodeGeometry(
     cdp,
     tabId,
     { target, backendNodeId, ...(frameId ? { frameId } : {}) },
-    { scrollIntoView: true },
+    { scrollIntoView: !visualSurface },
   );
   if (isRpcError(geometry)) return geometry;
   if (signal?.aborted) return cancelled("screenshot");
-  const rect = geometry.topBounds;
+  const topViewportRect = surfaceVisibleRect(
-  const clip = screenshotPageRect(rect, geometry.topViewport);
+    geometry.topBounds,
-  if (!clip) return { code: "cdp_failed", message: "invalid screenshot coordinate space" };
+    visualSurface ? observedVisibleRect : undefined,
+  );
+  if (!topViewportRect) {
+    return { code: "permission_denied", message: "surface is no longer visible" };
+  }
+  const rect = {
+    x: topViewportRect.x,
+    y: topViewportRect.y,
+    width: topViewportRect.w,
+    height: topViewportRect.h,
+  };
+  const scale = visualSurface
+    ? Math.min(
+        1,
+        VISUAL_SURFACE_SCREENSHOT_MAX_EDGE / rect.width,
+        VISUAL_SURFACE_SCREENSHOT_MAX_EDGE / rect.height,
+        Math.sqrt(VISUAL_SURFACE_SCREENSHOT_MAX_PIXELS / (rect.width * rect.height)),
+      )
+    : 1;
 
   try {
     const shot = await cdp.send<{ data?: string }>(tabId, "Page.captureScreenshot", {
       format: "png",
       clip: {
-        ...clip.rect,
+        x: rect.x,
-        scale: 1,
+        y: rect.y,
+        width: rect.width,
+        height: rect.height,
+        scale,
       },
     });
     if (signal?.aborted) return cancelled("screenshot");
@@ -215,11 +249,11 @@ async function captureElementScreenshot(
     if (!image_base64) {
       return { code: "cdp_failed", message: "Page.captureScreenshot returned no data" };
     }
-    const dims = parsePngDimensions(image_base64) ?? {
+    const dims = parsePngDimensions(image_base64);
-      width: Math.round(rect.width),
+    if (!dims) {
-      height: Math.round(rect.height),
+      return { code: "cdp_failed", message: "Page.captureScreenshot returned invalid PNG data" };
-    };
+    }
-    return { image_base64, width: dims.width, height: dims.height };
+    return { image_base64, width: dims.width, height: dims.height, topViewportRect };
   } catch (err) {
     return {
       code: "cdp_failed",
@@ -314,7 +348,7 @@ export async function handleScreenshot(
     if (!deps.cdp) {
       return { code: "cdp_failed", message: "screenshot ref capture requires CDP" };
     }
-    const node = resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, ref, target.tabId);
+    const node = resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, ref, target.tabId, "screenshot");
     if (isRpcError(node)) return node;
     if (signal?.aborted) return cancelled("screenshot");
     deps.cdp.trackSessionTab?.(ctx.sessionId, target.tabId);
@@ -334,18 +368,54 @@ export async function handleScreenshot(
           nodeTarget,
           node.backendNodeId,
           node.frameId,
+          node.kind === "surface",
+          node.visibleRect,
           signal,
         ),
       deps.sendToTab,
     );
     if (isRpcError(captured)) return captured;
     if (signal?.aborted) return cancelled("screenshot");
+    const capture =
+      node.kind === "surface"
+        ? await (async () => {
+            const environment = await captureSurfaceEnvironment(cdp, target.tabId, node.frameId);
+            if (isRpcError(environment)) return environment;
+            return ctx.surfaceCaptures.create({
+              sessionId: ctx.sessionId,
+              tabId: target.tabId,
+              navigationIdentity: environment.navigationIdentity,
+              surface: {
+                ref: node.refKey,
+                ...(node.frameId ? { frameId: node.frameId } : {}),
+                backendNodeId: node.backendNodeId,
+                observationGeneration: node.generation,
+              },
+              topViewportRect: captured.topViewportRect,
+              imageWidth: captured.width,
+              imageHeight: captured.height,
+              viewportSignature: environment.viewportSignature,
+              frameProjectionSignature: environment.frameProjectionSignature,
+            });
+          })()
+        : null;
+    if (capture && isRpcError(capture)) return capture;
     return withShotDialogs({
       image_base64: captured.image_base64,
       width: captured.width,
       height: captured.height,
       format: "png",
       tab_id: target.tabId,
+      ...(capture
+        ? {
+            capture: {
+              id: capture.id,
+              surface_ref: `@${capture.surface.ref}`,
+              coordinate_space: "capture-image-pixel" as const,
+              expires_at: capture.expiresAt,
+            },
+          }
+        : {}),
     });
   }
 
@@ -365,7 +435,10 @@ export async function handleScreenshot(
   if (isRpcError(captured)) return captured;
   if (signal?.aborted) return cancelled("screenshot");
   const image_base64 = captured;
-  const dims = parsePngDimensions(image_base64) ?? { width: 0, height: 0 };
+  const dims = parsePngDimensions(image_base64);
+  if (!dims) {
+    return { code: "cdp_failed", message: "screenshot capture returned invalid PNG data" };
+  }
   return withShotDialogs({
     image_base64,
     width: dims.width,
@@ -985,19 +1058,26 @@ function emptyCapturedViewModel(viewport = { width: 0, height: 0 }): CapturedVie
   return { viewport, nodes: [], iframeNodes: new Map(), excludedBackendNodeIds: new Set() };
 }
 
+interface LayoutMetricsViewportReply {
+  cssLayoutViewport?: { clientWidth?: number; clientHeight?: number };
+  layoutViewport?: { clientWidth?: number; clientHeight?: number };
+}
+
 async function fallbackCapturedViewModel(
   cdp: CdpRunner,
   tabId: number,
-  geometry: GeometryContext,
   signal?: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<CapturedViewModel> {
   throwIfAborted(signal, "observation");
   let viewport = { width: 0, height: 0 };
   try {
-    const metrics = await geometry.layoutMetrics({ tabId });
+    const metrics = await cdp.send<LayoutMetricsViewportReply>(tabId, "Page.getLayoutMetrics", {});
     throwIfAborted(signal, "observation");
-    const source = cssViewport(metrics);
+    const source = metrics.cssLayoutViewport ?? metrics.layoutViewport ?? {};
-    viewport = { width: source.width, height: source.height };
+    viewport = {
+      width: source.clientWidth ?? 0,
+      height: source.clientHeight ?? 0,
+    };
   } catch (error) {
     if (isAbortError(error)) throw error;
   }
@@ -1010,13 +1090,12 @@ async function captureForVom(
   cdp: CdpRunner,
   tabId: number,
   options: CaptureVomObservationOptions,
-  geometry: GeometryContext,
 ): Promise<CapturedViewModel> {
   try {
-    return await captureViewModel(cdp, tabId, { signal: options.signal, geometry });
+    return await captureViewModel(cdp, tabId, { signal: options.signal });
   } catch (error) {
     if (isAbortError(error)) throw error;
-    return fallbackCapturedViewModel(cdp, tabId, geometry, options.signal);
+    return fallbackCapturedViewModel(cdp, tabId, options.signal);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1078,6 +1157,7 @@ async function runHoverProbes(
 
 export interface CaptureVomObservationOptions extends VomOptions {
   conditionalSurfaceProbe?: boolean;
+  renderedSurfaceDiscovery?: boolean;
   hoverProbeBypassOverlay?: (tabId: number, enabled: boolean) => Promise<void>;
   signal?: AbortSignal;
 }
@@ -1091,16 +1171,9 @@ export async function captureVomObservation(
   throwIfAborted(options.signal, "observation");
   await cdp.ensureAttachedToUrl?.(tabId, url);
   throwIfAborted(options.signal, "observation");
-  const geometry = new GeometryContext(cdp, tabId, undefined, options.signal);
+  const captured = await captureForVom(cdp, tabId, options);
-  const captured = await captureForVom(cdp, tabId, options, geometry);
   throwIfAborted(options.signal, "observation");
-  const documents = await captureFrameData<CdpAxNode>(
+  const documents = await captureFrameData<CdpAxNode>(cdp, tabId, captured, options.signal);
-    cdp,
-    tabId,
-    captured,
-    options.signal,
-    geometry,
-  );
   throwIfAborted(options.signal, "observation");
   const normalizedDocuments =
     documents.length === 1 && captured.iframeNodes.size > 0
@@ -1133,21 +1206,25 @@ export async function captureVomObservation(
     captured,
     hoverProbes.surfaceProbes,
   );
-  // Reserve space using the renderer's character-based token estimate. Like VOM
+  const observedScene = options.renderedSurfaceDiscovery
-  // headers, this integrity notice remains visible even under a tiny token budget.
+    ? projectRenderedSurfaces(
-  const geometryNotice = captured.frameGeometryIssues?.length
+        decoratedScene,
-    ? "@warning iframe geometry incomplete: some frame content has no top-level coordinates.\n"
+        normalizedDocuments,
-    : "";
+        clusterRenderedSurfaces(
-  const rendered = renderVom(decoratedScene, {
+          discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+            normalizedDocuments,
+            captured.viewport,
+            captured.excludedBackendNodeIds,
+          ),
+        ),
+      )
+    : decoratedScene;
+  const rendered = renderVom(observedScene, {
     maxDepth: options.maxDepth,
-    maxTokens:
+    maxTokens: options.maxTokens,
-      !geometryNotice || options.maxTokens === undefined
-        ? options.maxTokens
-        : Math.max(0, options.maxTokens - Math.ceil(geometryNotice.length / 4)),
     redactValues: options.redactValues,
     activeRegionPolicy: options.activeRegionPolicy,
   });
-  if (geometryNotice) rendered.text += `\n${geometryNotice.trimEnd()}`;
   throwIfAborted(options.signal, "observation");
   return projectRecordSafeObservation({
     rootFrameId: captured.rootFrameId ?? normalizedDocuments[0]?.frameId ?? "root",
@@ -1197,6 +1274,7 @@ async function handleVomObservation(
       maxTokens: params.max_tokens,
       activeRegionPolicy: true,
       conditionalSurfaceProbe: effectiveConditionalSurfaceProbe,
+      renderedSurfaceDiscovery: toolName === "observe",
       hoverProbeBypassOverlay: deps.hoverProbeBypassOverlay,
       signal,
     });
@@ -1214,6 +1292,9 @@ async function handleVomObservation(
             tabId: target.tabId,
             ...(ref.frameId ? { frameId: ref.frameId } : {}),
             ...(refTarget?.sessionId ? { cdpSessionId: refTarget.sessionId } : {}),
+            ...(ref.visibleRect ? { visibleRect: ref.visibleRect } : {}),
+            ...(ref.kind ? { kind: ref.kind } : {}),
+            ...(ref.capabilities ? { capabilities: ref.capabilities } : {}),
           },
         ] as const;
       }),

apps/extension/src/tools/session.ts

@@ -271,6 +271,7 @@ export async function handleSessionStop(
 
   // Step 2: clear the per-session RefStore (review M6/M7 parity).
   ctx.refStore.clear();
+  ctx.surfaceCaptures.clear();
 
   clearRecordingForSession(params.session_id);
 

apps/extension/src/tools/snapshot-ref.ts

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 // compound CDP node identity via the session RefStore, and build stable
 // `ref_not_found` errors for hard-failure tool paths.
 
+import type { Rect } from "@browser-skill/vom";
 import type { SessionContext } from "@/session-manager/manager";
-import { normaliseRef } from "@/session-manager/ref-store";
+import { normaliseRef, type RefCapability, type RefTargetKind } from "@/session-manager/ref-store";
 import type { RpcError } from "@/transport/types";
 import { rpcError } from "./errors";
 
@@ -12,6 +13,10 @@ export interface SnapshotRefLookup {
   refKey: string;
   frameId?: string;
   cdpSessionId?: string;
+  visibleRect?: Rect;
+  kind: RefTargetKind;
+  capabilities: RefCapability[];
+  generation: number;
 }
 
 function refEntryForTab(ctx: SessionContext, refKey: string, tabId: number) {
@@ -37,6 +42,10 @@ export function lookupSnapshotRef(
     refKey,
     ...(entry.frameId ? { frameId: entry.frameId } : {}),
     ...(entry.cdpSessionId ? { cdpSessionId: entry.cdpSessionId } : {}),
+    ...(entry.visibleRect ? { visibleRect: entry.visibleRect } : {}),
+    kind: entry.kind,
+    capabilities: entry.capabilities,
+    generation: entry.generation,
   };
 }
 
@@ -49,6 +58,7 @@ export function resolveSnapshotRef(
   ctx: SessionContext,
   ref: string,
   tabId: number,
+  requiredCapability?: RefCapability,
 ): SnapshotRefLookup | RpcError {
   const looked = lookupSnapshotRef(ctx, ref, tabId);
   if (looked === null) {
@@ -58,5 +68,13 @@ export function resolveSnapshotRef(
       `ref ${ref} unknown for tab ${tabId} in session ${ctx.sessionId}`,
     );
   }
+  if (requiredCapability && !looked.capabilities.includes(requiredCapability)) {
+    return rpcError(
+      "permission_denied",
+      "ref_capability_denied",
+      `ref ${ref} does not support ${requiredCapability}`,
+      { ref: looked.refKey, required_capability: requiredCapability, kind: looked.kind },
+    );
+  }
   return looked;
 }

apps/extension/src/tools/surface-coordinate.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import type { Rect } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { Point, Region, ViewportRect } from "./geometry";
+
+const RECT_EPSILON = 0.01;
+
+export function surfaceVisibleRect(
+  liveRect: ViewportRect,
+  observedRect: Rect | undefined,
+): Rect | null {
+  const observed = observedRect ?? {
+    x: liveRect.x,
+    y: liveRect.y,
+    w: liveRect.width,
+    h: liveRect.height,
+  };
+  const x = Math.max(liveRect.x, observed.x);
+  const y = Math.max(liveRect.y, observed.y);
+  const right = Math.min(liveRect.x + liveRect.width, observed.x + observed.w);
+  const bottom = Math.min(liveRect.y + liveRect.height, observed.y + observed.h);
+  return right > x && bottom > y ? { x, y, w: right - x, h: bottom - y } : null;
+}
+
+export function sameRect(a: Rect, b: Rect): boolean {
+  return (
+    Math.abs(a.x - b.x) <= RECT_EPSILON &&
+    Math.abs(a.y - b.y) <= RECT_EPSILON &&
+    Math.abs(a.w - b.w) <= RECT_EPSILON &&
+    Math.abs(a.h - b.h) <= RECT_EPSILON
+  );
+}
+
+export function mapImagePointToViewport(
+  rect: Rect,
+  imageWidth: number,
+  imageHeight: number,
+  imageX: number,
+  imageY: number,
+): Point | null {
+  if (
+    !Number.isFinite(imageX) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(imageY) ||
+    !Number.isSafeInteger(imageWidth) ||
+    !Number.isSafeInteger(imageHeight) ||
+    imageWidth <= 0 ||
+    imageHeight <= 0 ||
+    imageX < 0 ||
+    imageY < 0 ||
+    imageX >= imageWidth ||
+    imageY >= imageHeight ||
+    !Number.isFinite(rect.x) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(rect.y) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(rect.w) ||
+    !Number.isFinite(rect.h) ||
+    rect.w <= 0 ||
+    rect.h <= 0
+  ) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return {
+    x: rect.x + (imageX / imageWidth) * rect.w,
+    y: rect.y + (imageY / imageHeight) * rect.h,
+  };
+}
+
+function pointInPolygon(point: Point, polygon: Point[]): boolean {
+  for (let index = 0; index < polygon.length; index += 1) {
+    const a = polygon[index];
+    const b = polygon[(index + 1) % polygon.length];
+    const cross = (point.x - a.x) * (b.y - a.y) - (point.y - a.y) * (b.x - a.x);
+    const withinX = point.x >= Math.min(a.x, b.x) - 1e-9 && point.x <= Math.max(a.x, b.x) + 1e-9;
+    const withinY = point.y >= Math.min(a.y, b.y) - 1e-9 && point.y <= Math.max(a.y, b.y) + 1e-9;
+    if (Math.abs(cross) <= 1e-9 && withinX && withinY) return true;
+  }
+  let inside = false;
+  for (let index = 0, previous = polygon.length - 1; index < polygon.length; previous = index++) {
+    const a = polygon[index];
+    const b = polygon[previous];
+    const intersects =
+      a.y > point.y !== b.y > point.y &&
+      point.x < ((b.x - a.x) * (point.y - a.y)) / (b.y - a.y) + a.x;
+    if (intersects) inside = !inside;
+  }
+  return inside;
+}
+
+export function pointInRegion(point: Point, region: Region): boolean {
+  return region.some((polygon) => polygon.length >= 3 && pointInPolygon(point, polygon));
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/surface-target.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+import type { CdpFrameGraph } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
+import type { SessionContext } from "@/session-manager/manager";
+import type { RpcError } from "@/transport/types";
+import { rpcError } from "./errors";
+import { resolveNodeGeometry } from "./frame-geometry";
+import { type CdpRunner, isRpcError, normaliseRef } from "./shared";
+import { resolveSnapshotRef } from "./snapshot-ref";
+import {
+  mapImagePointToViewport,
+  pointInRegion,
+  sameRect,
+  surfaceVisibleRect,
+} from "./surface-coordinate";
+
+export interface SurfaceCaptureEnvironment {
+  navigationIdentity: string;
+  viewportSignature: string;
+  frameProjectionSignature: string;
+}
+
+export interface SurfaceTargetResolverDeps {
+  cdp: CdpRunner;
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
+}
+
+export interface SurfacePointerTargetInput {
+  ref?: string;
+  selector?: string;
+  captureId?: string;
+  imageX?: number;
+  imageY?: number;
+}
+
+export interface ResolvedSurfacePointerTarget {
+  point: { x: number; y: number };
+  usedRef: string;
+  moveSettleMs: number;
+  capture: {
+    id: string;
+    imageX: number;
+    imageY: number;
+  };
+}
+
+// Canvas-style controls commonly update their pointer hit-test on the next
+// animation frame. Leave a scheduling boundary after moving and before pressing.
+export const SURFACE_POINTER_MOVE_SETTLE_MS = 32;
+
+function stale(message: string): RpcError {
+  return rpcError("permission_denied", "surface_capture_stale", message);
+}
+
+function finiteObject(value: unknown): unknown {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.map(finiteObject);
+  if (typeof value !== "object" || value === null) return value;
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(value)
+      .filter(
+        ([, entry]) => entry !== undefined && (typeof entry !== "number" || Number.isFinite(entry)),
+      )
+      .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
+      .map(([key, entry]) => [key, finiteObject(entry)]),
+  );
+}
+
+function framePathSignature(graph: CdpFrameGraph, frameId: string | undefined): string | null {
+  if (!frameId) return "top";
+  const frames = new Map(graph.frames.map((frame) => [frame.frameId, frame]));
+  const path: Array<{
+    frameId: string;
+    parentFrameId?: string;
+    ownerBackendNodeId?: number;
+    targetSessionId?: string;
+  }> = [];
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  let current = frames.get(frameId);
+  while (current) {
+    if (seen.has(current.frameId)) return null;
+    seen.add(current.frameId);
+    path.push({
+      frameId: current.frameId,
+      ...(current.parentFrameId ? { parentFrameId: current.parentFrameId } : {}),
+      ...(current.ownerBackendNodeId !== undefined
+        ? { ownerBackendNodeId: current.ownerBackendNodeId }
+        : {}),
+      ...(current.target.sessionId ? { targetSessionId: current.target.sessionId } : {}),
+    });
+    if (!current.parentFrameId) return JSON.stringify(path);
+    const parent = frames.get(current.parentFrameId);
+    if (!parent) return null;
+    current = parent;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+export async function captureSurfaceEnvironment(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  tabId: number,
+  frameId: string | undefined,
+): Promise<SurfaceCaptureEnvironment | RpcError> {
+  try {
+    const [tree, metrics, graph] = await Promise.all([
+      cdp.send<{
+        frameTree?: { frame?: { id?: string; loaderId?: string; url?: string } };
+      }>(tabId, "Page.getFrameTree", {}),
+      cdp.send<Record<string, unknown>>(tabId, "Page.getLayoutMetrics", {}),
+      frameId && cdp.getFrameGraph ? cdp.getFrameGraph(tabId) : Promise.resolve(null),
+    ]);
+    const root = tree.frameTree?.frame;
+    if (!root?.id || !root.loaderId) {
+      return { code: "cdp_failed", message: "could not identify the current navigation" };
+    }
+    const frameProjectionSignature = frameId
+      ? graph
+        ? framePathSignature(graph, frameId)
+        : null
+      : "top";
+    if (!frameProjectionSignature) {
+      return { code: "cdp_failed", message: `could not identify frame projection for ${frameId}` };
+    }
+    return {
+      navigationIdentity: JSON.stringify({ id: root.id, loaderId: root.loaderId, url: root.url }),
+      viewportSignature: JSON.stringify(
+        finiteObject({
+          cssLayoutViewport: metrics.cssLayoutViewport,
+          cssVisualViewport: metrics.cssVisualViewport,
+        }),
+      ),
+      frameProjectionSignature,
+    };
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { code: "cdp_failed", message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) };
+  }
+}
+
+function validatePointParams(input: SurfacePointerTargetInput): RpcError | null {
+  if (!input.captureId || typeof input.captureId !== "string") {
+    return { code: "invalid_params", message: "surface point click requires capture_id" };
+  }
+  if (typeof input.imageX !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(input.imageX)) {
+    return { code: "invalid_params", message: "image_x must be a finite number" };
+  }
+  if (typeof input.imageY !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(input.imageY)) {
+    return { code: "invalid_params", message: "image_y must be a finite number" };
+  }
+  if (!input.ref || input.selector) {
+    return {
+      code: "invalid_params",
+      message: "surface point click requires one Surface ref and does not accept a selector",
+    };
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+function captureConsumeError(reason: "not_found" | "expired" | "consumed"): RpcError {
+  const code = reason === "not_found" ? "not_found" : "permission_denied";
+  return rpcError(code, `surface_capture_${reason}`, `surface capture is ${reason}`);
+}
+
+function aborted(signal: AbortSignal | undefined): RpcError | null {
+  return signal?.aborted
+    ? { code: "cancelled", message: "surface target resolution aborted" }
+    : null;
+}
+
+/** Resolve one fresh Surface capture coordinate into a validated top-viewport pointer target. */
+export async function resolveSurfacePointerTarget(
+  ctx: SessionContext,
+  target: { tabId: number; url?: string },
+  input: SurfacePointerTargetInput,
+  deps: SurfaceTargetResolverDeps,
+): Promise<ResolvedSurfacePointerTarget | RpcError> {
+  const invalid = validatePointParams(input);
+  if (invalid) return invalid;
+  const earlyAbort = aborted(deps.signal);
+  if (earlyAbort) return earlyAbort;
+
+  const consumed = ctx.surfaceCaptures.consume(input.captureId as string);
+  if (!consumed.ok) return captureConsumeError(consumed.reason);
+  const capture = consumed.capture;
+  const postConsumeAbort = aborted(deps.signal);
+  if (postConsumeAbort) return postConsumeAbort;
+
+  if (capture.sessionId !== ctx.sessionId || capture.tabId !== target.tabId) {
+    return stale("surface capture belongs to a different session or tab");
+  }
+  if (normaliseRef(input.ref as string) !== capture.surface.ref) {
+    return stale("surface ref does not match the capture");
+  }
+  const node = resolveSnapshotRef(ctx, input.ref as string, target.tabId, "screenshot");
+  if (isRpcError(node)) return stale(node.message);
+  if (
+    node.kind !== "surface" ||
+    node.backendNodeId !== capture.surface.backendNodeId ||
+    node.frameId !== capture.surface.frameId ||
+    node.generation !== capture.surface.observationGeneration
+  ) {
+    return stale("surface observation generation or node identity changed");
+  }
+
+  deps.cdp.trackSessionTab?.(ctx.sessionId, target.tabId);
+  try {
+    await deps.cdp.ensureAttachedToUrl?.(target.tabId, target.url);
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { code: "cdp_failed", message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) };
+  }
+  const environment = await captureSurfaceEnvironment(deps.cdp, target.tabId, node.frameId);
+  if (isRpcError(environment)) return environment;
+  if (
+    environment.navigationIdentity !== capture.navigationIdentity ||
+    environment.viewportSignature !== capture.viewportSignature ||
+    environment.frameProjectionSignature !== capture.frameProjectionSignature
+  ) {
+    return stale("navigation, viewport, zoom, scroll, or frame projection changed");
+  }
+
+  const geometry = await resolveNodeGeometry(
+    deps.cdp,
+    target.tabId,
+    {
+      target: {
+        tabId: target.tabId,
+        ...(node.cdpSessionId ? { sessionId: node.cdpSessionId } : {}),
+      },
+      backendNodeId: node.backendNodeId,
+      ...(node.frameId ? { frameId: node.frameId } : {}),
+    },
+    { scrollIntoView: false },
+  );
+  if (isRpcError(geometry)) return stale(geometry.message);
+  const currentRect = surfaceVisibleRect(geometry.topBounds, node.visibleRect);
+  if (!currentRect || !sameRect(currentRect, capture.topViewportRect)) {
+    return stale("surface visible region changed");
+  }
+  const point = mapImagePointToViewport(
+    capture.topViewportRect,
+    capture.imageWidth,
+    capture.imageHeight,
+    input.imageX as number,
+    input.imageY as number,
+  );
+  if (!point || !pointInRegion(point, geometry.topVisibleRegions)) {
+    return rpcError(
+      "invalid_params",
+      "surface_coordinate_invalid",
+      "image coordinate is outside the captured Surface",
+    );
+  }
+
+  return {
+    point,
+    usedRef: capture.surface.ref,
+    moveSettleMs: SURFACE_POINTER_MOVE_SETTLE_MS,
+    capture: {
+      id: capture.id,
+      imageX: input.imageX as number,
+      imageY: input.imageY as number,
+    },
+  };
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/__tests__/capture.test.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import { OVERLAY_HOST_MARKER_ATTR, OVERLAY_HOST_NAME } from "../../../lib/overlay-bridge";
-import type { CdpRunner } from "../../shared";
 import { captureViewModel, collectOverlayExcludedBackendIds, probeHoverSurfaces } from "../capture";
+import { discoverRenderedSurfaces } from "../rendered-surfaces";
 
 // Minimal but format-accurate captureSnapshot reply: a body with one
 // fixed full-screen overlay div carrying a password input.
@@ -736,6 +736,44 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
     expect(nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 14)?.rendered).toBe(false);
   });
 
+  it("propagates fully transparent ancestor suppression to painted descendants", async () => {
+    const S = ["html", "body", "div", "canvas", "static", "auto", "visible", "1", "0"];
+    const i = (value: string) => S.indexOf(value);
+    const snapshot = {
+      strings: S,
+      documents: [
+        {
+          nodes: {
+            parentIndex: [-1, 0, 1, 2],
+            nodeName: [i("html"), i("body"), i("div"), i("canvas")],
+            backendNodeId: [10, 11, 12, 13],
+            attributes: [[], [], [], []],
+          },
+          layout: {
+            nodeIndex: [1, 2, 3],
+            styles: [
+              [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto"), i("visible"), i("1")],
+              [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto"), i("visible"), i("0")],
+              [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto"), i("visible"), i("1")],
+            ],
+            bounds: [
+              [0, 0, 1000, 800],
+              [10, 10, 200, 100],
+              [10, 10, 200, 100],
+            ],
+            paintOrders: [0, 1, 2],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const { nodes } = await captureViewModel(makeCdp(snapshot), 4);
+    const canvas = nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 13);
+
+    expect(canvas?.rendered).toBe(true);
+    expect(canvas?.visuallySuppressed).toBe(true);
+  });
+
   it("subtracts scroll offset to make rects viewport-relative", async () => {
     const cdp = {
       send: vi.fn(async (_t: number, method: string) => {
@@ -755,7 +793,7 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
     expect(div?.rect).toMatchObject({ y: 0, h: 600 });
   });
 
-  it("keeps CSS snapshot bounds independent of legacy metrics ratio", async () => {
+  it("normalizes device-pixel bounds by devicePixelRatio", async () => {
     const S = ["html", "body", "div", "position", "fixed", "static", "pointer-events", "auto"];
     const i = (s: string) => S.indexOf(s);
     const snapshot = {
@@ -803,12 +841,6 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
       w: 1000,
       h: 800,
     });
-    expect(nodes.find((n) => n.backendNodeId === 12)?.localRect).toEqual({
-      x: 0,
-      y: 0,
-      w: 2000,
-      h: 1600,
-    });
   });
 
   it("extracts textContent from #text child nodes via nodeValue", async () => {
@@ -957,12 +989,6 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
             cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
           };
         }
-        if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel")
-          return { model: { content: [100, 300, 900, 300, 900, 700, 100, 700] } };
-        if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") return { object: { objectId: "owner" } };
-        if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn")
-          return { result: { value: { width: 800, height: 400 } } };
-        if (method === "Runtime.releaseObject") return {};
         throw new Error(method);
       }) as unknown as <T>(tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => Promise<T>,
     };
@@ -992,7 +1018,7 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
     expect(frameParentIds?.get("child-frame")).toBe("main-frame");
   });
 
-  it("projects iframe documents independently of owner snapshot geometry", async () => {
+  it("captures iframe documents without requiring owner-frame geometry", async () => {
     const S = [
       "html",
       "body",
@@ -1053,12 +1079,6 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
             cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
           };
         }
-        if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel")
-          return { model: { content: [100, 300, 900, 300, 900, 700, 100, 700] } };
-        if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") return { object: { objectId: "owner" } };
-        if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn")
-          return { result: { value: { width: 800, height: 400 } } };
-        if (method === "Runtime.releaseObject") return {};
         throw new Error(method);
       }) as unknown as <T>(tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => Promise<T>,
     };
@@ -1067,7 +1087,7 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
     const input = iframeNodes.get(13)?.find((n) => n.backendNodeId === 101);
 
     expect(input?.localRect).toEqual({ x: 20, y: 20, w: 120, h: 60 });
-    expect(input?.rect).toEqual({ x: 120, y: 320, w: 120, h: 60 });
+    expect(input?.rect).toBeNull();
   });
 
   it("recursively normalizes nested iframe sub-documents", async () => {
@@ -1146,43 +1166,16 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
       ],
     };
     const cdp = {
-      send: vi.fn(
+      send: vi.fn(async (_t: number, method: string) => {
-        async (
+        if (method === "DOMSnapshot.enable") return {};
-          _t: number,
+        if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") return snapshot;
-          method: string,
+        if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
-          params?: { backendNodeId?: number; objectId?: string },
+          return {
-        ) => {
+            cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
-          if (method === "DOMSnapshot.enable") return {};
+          };
-          if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") return snapshot;
+        }
-          if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+        throw new Error(method);
-            return {
+      }) as unknown as <T>(tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => Promise<T>,
-              cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
-            };
-          }
-          if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel")
-            return {
-              model: {
-                content:
-                  params?.backendNodeId === 13
-                    ? [10, 20, 310, 20, 310, 220, 10, 220]
-                    : [15, 26, 115, 26, 115, 106, 15, 106],
-              },
-            };
-          if (method === "DOM.resolveNode")
-            return { object: { objectId: String(params?.backendNodeId) } };
-          if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn")
-            return {
-              result: {
-                value:
-                  params?.objectId === "13"
-                    ? { width: 300, height: 200 }
-                    : { width: 100, height: 80 },
-              },
-            };
-          if (method === "Runtime.releaseObject") return {};
-          throw new Error(method);
-        },
-      ) as unknown as <T>(tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => Promise<T>,
     };
 
     const { iframeNodes } = await captureViewModel(cdp, 4);
@@ -1196,7 +1189,98 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
     expect(input?.rect).toEqual({ x: 16, y: 28, w: 40, h: 20 });
   });
 
-  it("subtracts CSS scroll once without dividing snapshot bounds by a metrics ratio", async () => {
+  it("keeps same-origin iframe canvas discovery in top-level CSS coordinates at dpr 1 and 2", async () => {
+    const captureAtDpr = async (dpr: number) => {
+      const S = ["html", "body", "iframe", "canvas", "static", "auto"];
+      const i = (s: string) => S.indexOf(s);
+      const scale = (values: number[]) => values.map((value) => value * dpr);
+      const snapshot = {
+        strings: S,
+        documents: [
+          {
+            frameId: "main",
+            nodes: {
+              parentIndex: [-1, 0, 1],
+              nodeName: [i("html"), i("body"), i("iframe")],
+              backendNodeId: [10, 11, 13],
+              attributes: [[], [], []],
+              contentDocumentIndex: { index: [2], value: [1] },
+            },
+            layout: {
+              nodeIndex: [1, 2],
+              styles: [
+                [i("static"), i("auto")],
+                [i("static"), i("auto")],
+              ],
+              bounds: [scale([0, 0, 1000, 800]), scale([100, 150, 300, 200])],
+              paintOrders: [0, 1],
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            frameId: "child",
+            nodes: {
+              parentIndex: [-1, 0],
+              nodeName: [i("body"), i("canvas")],
+              backendNodeId: [20, 21],
+              attributes: [[], []],
+            },
+            layout: {
+              nodeIndex: [0, 1],
+              styles: [
+                [i("static"), i("auto")],
+                [i("static"), i("auto")],
+              ],
+              bounds: [scale([0, 0, 300, 200]), scale([20, 30, 120, 60])],
+              paintOrders: [0, 1],
+            },
+          },
+        ],
+      };
+      const cdp = {
+        send: vi.fn(async (_tabId: number, method: string) => {
+          if (method === "DOMSnapshot.enable") return {};
+          if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") return snapshot;
+          if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+            return {
+              cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800, pageX: 0, pageY: 0 },
+              layoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000 * dpr, clientHeight: 800 * dpr },
+            };
+          }
+          throw new Error(method);
+        }) as unknown as <T>(tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => Promise<T>,
+      };
+      const captured = await captureViewModel(cdp, 4);
+      const childNodes = captured.frameNodes?.get("child") ?? [];
+      return discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+        [
+          {
+            frameId: "child",
+            contextScopeId: "child",
+            parentFrameId: "main",
+            ownerBackendNodeId: 13,
+            target: { tabId: 4 },
+            domNodes: childNodes,
+            axNodes: [],
+          },
+        ],
+        captured.viewport,
+      );
+    };
+
+    const atDpr1 = await captureAtDpr(1);
+    const atDpr2 = await captureAtDpr(2);
+
+    expect(atDpr1).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        backendNodeId: 21,
+        frameId: "child",
+        visibleRect: { x: 120, y: 180, w: 120, h: 60 },
+      }),
+    ]);
+    expect(atDpr2).toEqual(atDpr1);
+  });
+
+  it("normalizes bounds then subtracts CSS scroll at dpr>1", async () => {
     const S = ["html", "body", "div", "position", "fixed", "static", "pointer-events", "auto"];
     const i = (s: string) => S.indexOf(s);
     const snapshot = {
@@ -1238,7 +1322,7 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
       }) as unknown as <T>(tabId: number, method: string, params?: object) => Promise<T>,
     };
     const { nodes } = await captureViewModel(cdp, 4);
-    expect(nodes.find((n) => n.backendNodeId === 12)?.rect?.y).toBe(400 - 100);
+    expect(nodes.find((n) => n.backendNodeId === 12)?.rect?.y).toBe(400 / 2 - 100);
   });
 
   it("collectOverlayExcludedBackendIds walks the pierced overlay host subtree", async () => {
@@ -1263,194 +1347,3 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
     expect(excluded).toEqual(new Set([200, 201, 202]));
   });
 });
-
-// Six sibling frames and one nested frame exercise scheduling through the real capture entry.
-function siblingCaptureFixture(
-  beforeReply: (method: string, params: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<void> = async () => {},
-) {
-  const document = (id: number, owners: number[], childIndexes: number[]) => ({
-    frameId: `frame-${id}`,
-    nodes: {
-      parentIndex: [-1, ...owners.map(() => 0)],
-      nodeName: [0, ...owners.map(() => 1)],
-      backendNodeId: [1000 + id, ...owners],
-      attributes: [[], ...owners.map(() => [])],
-      contentDocumentIndex: { index: owners.map((_, i) => i + 1), value: childIndexes },
-    },
-    layout: {
-      nodeIndex: [0, ...owners.map((_, i) => i + 1)],
-      bounds: [[0, 0, 200, 100], ...owners.map(() => [0, 0, 200, 100])],
-    },
-  });
-  const snapshot = {
-    strings: ["body", "iframe"],
-    documents: [
-      document(0, [100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),
-      document(1, [200], [7]),
-      ...Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, i) => document(i + 2, [], [])),
-    ],
-  };
-  let active = 0;
-  let peak = 0;
-  const send = vi.fn(async (_tabId: number, method: string, params: object = {}) => {
-    const args = params as Record<string, unknown>;
-    active++;
-    peak = Math.max(peak, active);
-    try {
-      await beforeReply(method, args);
-      if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") return snapshot;
-      if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics")
-        return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800 } };
-      if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel")
-        return { model: { content: [0, 0, 200, 0, 200, 100, 0, 100] } };
-      if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") return { object: { objectId: String(args.backendNodeId) } };
-      if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn")
-        return { result: { value: { width: 200, height: 100 } } };
-      return {};
-    } finally {
-      active--;
-    }
-  });
-  return {
-    cdp: { send: send as CdpRunner["send"] },
-    send,
-    peak: () => peak,
-    active: () => active,
-    measured: () =>
-      send.mock.calls
-        .filter(([, method]) => method === "DOM.getBoxModel")
-        .map(([, , params]) => (params as { backendNodeId: number }).backendNodeId),
-  };
-}
-
-describe("sibling frame measurement scheduling", () => {
-  it("batches same-target owner sizes without changing projected results", async () => {
-    const fixture = siblingCaptureFixture();
-    const original = fixture.cdp.send;
-    const methods: string[] = [];
-    fixture.cdp.send = async (tabId, method, params) => {
-      methods.push(method);
-      if (method === "Runtime.evaluate")
-        return {
-          result: {
-            deepSerializedValue: {
-              type: "array",
-              value: [100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 200].map((backendNodeId) => ({
-                type: "array",
-                value: [
-                  { type: "node", value: { backendNodeId } },
-                  { type: "string", value: JSON.stringify({ width: 200, height: 100 }) },
-                ],
-              })),
-            },
-          },
-        } as never;
-      return original(tabId, method, params);
-    };
-    const captured = await captureViewModel(fixture.cdp, 4);
-    expect(captured.frameGeometryIssues).toEqual([]);
-    expect([...captured.iframeNodes.keys()]).toEqual([100, 200, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
-    expect(captured.iframeNodes.get(200)?.[0].rect).toEqual({ x: 0, y: 0, w: 200, h: 100 });
-    expect(methods.filter((method) => method === "DOM.getBoxModel")).toHaveLength(7);
-    expect(methods.filter((method) => method === "Runtime.evaluate")).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(methods.filter((method) => method === "Runtime.releaseObjectGroup")).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(methods).not.toContain("DOM.resolveNode");
-    expect(methods).not.toContain("Runtime.callFunctionOn");
-  });
-
-  it("bounds concurrent reads, fills free slots and preserves depth-first output despite reordered replies", async () => {
-    const pending = new Map<number, () => void>();
-    const fixture = siblingCaptureFixture(async (method, params) => {
-      if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel" && Number(params.backendNodeId) < 200)
-        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => pending.set(Number(params.backendNodeId), resolve));
-    });
-    const capture = captureViewModel(fixture.cdp, 4);
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(pending.size).toBe(4));
-    expect(fixture.measured()).toEqual([100, 101, 102, 103]);
-    pending.get(103)!();
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(pending.has(104)).toBe(true));
-    pending.get(104)!();
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(pending.has(105)).toBe(true));
-    expect(fixture.measured()).not.toContain(200);
-    for (const id of [105, 102, 101, 100]) pending.get(id)!();
-    const captured = await capture;
-    expect(captured.frameGeometryIssues).toEqual([]);
-    expect(fixture.peak()).toBe(4);
-    expect(fixture.active()).toBe(0);
-    expect(fixture.measured()).toEqual([100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 200]);
-    expect([...captured.iframeNodes.keys()]).toEqual([100, 200, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
-    expect(captured.iframeNodes.get(200)?.[0].rect).toEqual({ x: 0, y: 0, w: 200, h: 100 });
-    for (const method of [
-      "DOM.getBoxModel",
-      "DOM.resolveNode",
-      "Runtime.callFunctionOn",
-      "Runtime.releaseObject",
-    ])
-      expect(fixture.send.mock.calls.filter(([, name]) => name === method)).toHaveLength(7);
-  });
-
-  it("does not measure descendants of a failed owner and retains sibling geometry and local nodes", async () => {
-    const fixture = siblingCaptureFixture(async (method, params) => {
-      if (method === "DOM.resolveNode" && params.backendNodeId === 100)
-        throw new Error("owner replaced");
-    });
-    const captured = await captureViewModel(fixture.cdp, 4);
-    expect(captured.frameGeometryIssues).toEqual([
-      {
-        status: "unavailable",
-        source: { target: { tabId: 4 }, frameId: "frame-1" },
-        ownerBackendNodeId: 100,
-      },
-      {
-        status: "blocked",
-        source: { target: { tabId: 4 }, frameId: "frame-7" },
-        cause: captured.frameGeometryIssues?.[0],
-      },
-    ]);
-    expect(fixture.measured()).not.toContain(200);
-    expect(captured.iframeNodes.get(200)?.[0]).toMatchObject({
-      tag: "body",
-      rect: null,
-      localRect: { x: 0, y: 0, w: 200, h: 100 },
-    });
-    expect(captured.iframeNodes.get(101)?.[0].rect).toEqual({ x: 0, y: 0, w: 200, h: 100 });
-    expect([...captured.iframeNodes.keys()]).toEqual([100, 200, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105]);
-  });
-
-  it("stops scheduling on cancellation and waits for resolved objects to be released", async () => {
-    const controller = new AbortController();
-    const resolutions = new Map<string, () => void>();
-    const releases = new Map<string, () => void>();
-    const fixture = siblingCaptureFixture(async (method, params) => {
-      if (method === "DOM.resolveNode")
-        await new Promise<void>((resolve) =>
-          resolutions.set(String(params.backendNodeId), resolve),
-        );
-      if (method === "Runtime.releaseObject")
-        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => releases.set(String(params.objectId), resolve));
-    });
-    let settled = false;
-    const capture = captureViewModel(fixture.cdp, 4, { signal: controller.signal });
-    const rejected = expect(capture).rejects.toMatchObject({ name: "AbortError" });
-    void capture.then(
-      () => {
-        settled = true;
-      },
-      () => {
-        settled = true;
-      },
-    );
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(resolutions.size).toBe(4));
-    controller.abort();
-    for (const resolve of resolutions.values()) resolve();
-    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(releases.size).toBe(4));
-    expect(settled).toBe(false);
-    expect(fixture.measured()).toEqual([100, 101, 102, 103]);
-    for (const release of releases.values()) release();
-    await rejected;
-    expect(fixture.active()).toBe(0);
-    expect(fixture.send.mock.calls.some(([, method]) => method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn")).toBe(
-      false,
-    );
-  });
-});

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/__tests__/frame-capture.test.ts

@@ -50,68 +50,6 @@ function childSnapshot(frameId: string, backendNodeId: number) {
 }
 
 describe("captureFrameData", () => {
-  it("retains nested owner failures when merging a captured OOPIF", async () => {
-    const owner = ownerNode(10, 50);
-    const captured: CapturedViewModel = {
-      nodes: [owner],
-      viewport: { width: 1000, height: 800 },
-      iframeNodes: new Map(),
-      frameNodes: new Map([["main", [owner]]]),
-      rootFrameId: "main",
-      excludedBackendNodeIds: new Set(),
-    };
-    const child = childSnapshot("child", 101);
-    const nested = childSnapshot("nested", 201);
-    const document = child.documents[0];
-    const snapshot = {
-      strings: child.strings,
-      documents: [
-        {
-          ...document,
-          nodes: { ...document.nodes, contentDocumentIndex: { index: [1], value: [1] } },
-        },
-        nested.documents[0],
-      ],
-    };
-    const reply = async (_target: unknown, method: string) => {
-      if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics")
-        return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 300, clientHeight: 200 } };
-      if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") return snapshot;
-      if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel")
-        return { model: { content: [50, 100, 350, 100, 350, 300, 50, 300] } };
-      if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") throw new Error("nested owner replaced");
-      return {};
-    };
-    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
-      send: vi.fn(reply) as CdpRunner["send"],
-      sendToTarget: vi.fn(reply) as NonNullable<CdpRunner["sendToTarget"]>,
-      getFrameGraph: vi.fn(async () => ({
-        rootFrameId: "main",
-        frames: [
-          { frameId: "main", target: { tabId: 4 } },
-          {
-            frameId: "child",
-            parentFrameId: "main",
-            ownerBackendNodeId: 10,
-            target: { tabId: 4, sessionId: "child-session" },
-          },
-        ],
-      })),
-    };
-    await captureFrameData(cdp, 4, captured);
-    expect(captured.frameGeometryIssues).toEqual([
-      {
-        status: "unavailable",
-        source: { target: { tabId: 4, sessionId: "child-session" }, frameId: "nested" },
-        ownerBackendNodeId: 101,
-      },
-    ]);
-    expect(captured.frameNodes?.get("nested")?.[1]).toMatchObject({
-      rect: null,
-      localRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 40 },
-    });
-  });
-
   it("captures and positions multiple OOPIF documents missing from the root snapshot", async () => {
     const leftOwner = ownerNode(10, 50);
     const rightOwner = ownerNode(20, 500);

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/__tests__/rendered-surfaces.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+import type { VomScene } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import type { CapturedNode } from "../capture";
+import type { CapturedFrameDocument } from "../frame-capture";
+import {
+  clusterRenderedSurfaces,
+  discoverRenderedSurfaces,
+  projectRenderedSurfaces,
+} from "../rendered-surfaces";
+import type { SemanticAxNode } from "../semantic-graph";
+
+function domNode(backendNodeId: number, overrides: Partial<CapturedNode> = {}): CapturedNode {
+  return {
+    backendNodeId,
+    parentBackendNodeId: null,
+    frameId: "main",
+    ownerFrameBackendNodeId: null,
+    tag: "canvas",
+    attrs: {},
+    rect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 800, h: 500 },
+    localRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 800, h: 500 },
+    paintOrder: 1,
+    position: "static",
+    pointerEvents: "auto",
+    rendered: true,
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+function document(
+  domNodes: CapturedNode[],
+  axNodes: SemanticAxNode[] = [],
+): CapturedFrameDocument<SemanticAxNode> {
+  return {
+    frameId: domNodes[0]?.frameId ?? "main",
+    contextScopeId: domNodes[0]?.frameId ?? "main",
+    target: { tabId: 4 },
+    domNodes,
+    axNodes,
+  };
+}
+
+describe("rendered surface discovery", () => {
+  it("finds prominent rendered canvases and excludes hidden descendants", () => {
+    const visible = domNode(2, { parentBackendNodeId: 1 });
+    const hidden = domNode(3, { parentBackendNodeId: 4 });
+    const surfaces = discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+      [
+        document([
+          domNode(1, { tag: "main", rect: null, localRect: null }),
+          visible,
+          domNode(4, { tag: "section", attrs: { "aria-hidden": "true" }, rect: null }),
+          hidden,
+        ]),
+      ],
+      { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+    );
+
+    expect(surfaces).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(surfaces[0]).toMatchObject({ backendNodeId: 2 });
+  });
+
+  it("keeps tiny canvases as individually addressable exact discoveries", () => {
+    const surfaces = discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+      [document([domNode(2, { rect: { x: 1, y: 1, w: 8, h: 8 } })])],
+      { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+    );
+    expect(surfaces).toEqual([expect.objectContaining({ backendNodeId: 2 })]);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps a surface when the canvas only has partial native accessibility content", () => {
+    const axNodes = [
+      {
+        nodeId: "canvas",
+        backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+        role: { type: "role", value: "presentation" },
+        childIds: ["button"],
+        frameId: "main",
+      },
+      {
+        nodeId: "button",
+        backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+        role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+        frameId: "main",
+      },
+    ] as SemanticAxNode[];
+    expect(
+      discoverRenderedSurfaces([document([domNode(2)], axNodes)], { width: 1280, height: 720 }),
+    ).toEqual([expect.objectContaining({ backendNodeId: 2 })]);
+  });
+
+  it("discovers unnamed canvases without guessing labels from engineering attributes", () => {
+    const canvas = domNode(2, {
+      attrs: {
+        id: "must-not-be-a-label",
+        class: "must-not-be-a-label",
+        "data-testid": "must-not-be-a-label",
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(discoverRenderedSurfaces([document([canvas])], { width: 1280, height: 720 })).toEqual([
+      expect.not.objectContaining({
+        label: expect.anything(),
+      }),
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("treats blank explicit Canvas names as unnamed", () => {
+    expect(
+      discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+        [document([domNode(2, { attrs: { "aria-label": "   ", title: "\n\t" } })])],
+        { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+      ),
+    ).toEqual([expect.not.objectContaining({ label: expect.anything() })]);
+  });
+
+  it("excludes canvases inside BrowserSkill-owned DOM subtrees", () => {
+    const owner = domNode(1, { tag: "div", rect: null, localRect: null });
+    const canvas = domNode(2, { parentBackendNodeId: 1 });
+
+    expect(
+      discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+        [document([owner, canvas])],
+        { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+        new Set([1]),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("excludes canvases suppressed by a fully transparent ancestor", () => {
+    const owner = domNode(1, {
+      tag: "div",
+      rect: { x: 0, y: 0, w: 900, h: 600 },
+      visuallySuppressed: true,
+    });
+    const canvas = domNode(2, { parentBackendNodeId: 1 });
+
+    expect(
+      discoverRenderedSurfaces([document([owner, canvas])], { width: 1280, height: 720 }),
+    ).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("clips canvases to overflow ancestors and drops fully clipped canvases", () => {
+    const owner = domNode(1, {
+      tag: "div",
+      rect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 70 },
+      overflowX: "hidden",
+      overflowY: "hidden",
+    });
+    const partial = domNode(2, {
+      parentBackendNodeId: 1,
+      rect: { x: 55, y: 30, w: 140, h: 60 },
+    });
+    const fullyClipped = domNode(3, {
+      parentBackendNodeId: 1,
+      rect: { x: 140, y: 30, w: 80, h: 50 },
+    });
+
+    expect(
+      discoverRenderedSurfaces([document([owner, partial, fullyClipped])], {
+        width: 1280,
+        height: 720,
+      }),
+    ).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        backendNodeId: 2,
+        visibleRect: { x: 55, y: 30, w: 55, h: 60 },
+      }),
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("rendered surface clustering and projection", () => {
+  it("collapses overlapping canvas layers and attaches them to the nearest retained parent", () => {
+    const body = domNode(1, { tag: "body", rect: null, localRect: null });
+    const surfaces = discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+      [
+        document([
+          body,
+          domNode(2, { parentBackendNodeId: 1, paintOrder: 1 }),
+          domNode(3, { parentBackendNodeId: 1, paintOrder: 2 }),
+        ]),
+      ],
+      { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+    );
+    const groups = clusterRenderedSurfaces(surfaces);
+    const scene: VomScene = {
+      viewport: { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+      nodes: [
+        {
+          id: 10,
+          parentId: null,
+          backendNodeId: 1,
+          frameId: "main",
+          tag: "body",
+          role: "RootWebArea",
+          rect: null,
+          paintOrder: 0,
+          position: "static",
+          pointerEvents: "auto",
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    expect(groups).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(groups[0]?.members).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(groups[0]?.label).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(
+      projectRenderedSurfaces(
+        scene,
+        [document([body, ...surfaces.map((s) => domNode(s.backendNodeId))])],
+        groups,
+      ),
+    ).toMatchObject({
+      visualSurfaces: [expect.objectContaining({ parentId: 10, backendNodeId: 3, memberCount: 2 })],
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("does not merge a contained canvas with a larger independent canvas", () => {
+    const groups = clusterRenderedSurfaces([
+      ...discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+        [
+          document([
+            domNode(1, { tag: "main", rect: null, localRect: null }),
+            domNode(2, { parentBackendNodeId: 1 }),
+            domNode(3, {
+              parentBackendNodeId: 1,
+              rect: { x: 30, y: 40, w: 200, h: 100 },
+            }),
+          ]),
+        ],
+        { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+      ),
+    ]);
+
+    expect(groups).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+
+  it("does not merge coincident canvases owned by different containers", () => {
+    const groups = clusterRenderedSurfaces(
+      discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+        [
+          document([
+            domNode(1, { tag: "section", rect: null, localRect: null }),
+            domNode(2, { tag: "section", rect: null, localRect: null }),
+            domNode(3, { parentBackendNodeId: 1 }),
+            domNode(4, { parentBackendNodeId: 2 }),
+          ]),
+        ],
+        { width: 1280, height: 720 },
+      ),
+    );
+
+    expect(groups).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+});

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/capture.ts

@@ -5,20 +5,21 @@
 // STYLE_COL so capture and visibility policy share one explicit contract.
 
 import type { Rect, Viewport } from "@browser-skill/vom";
-import type { CdpTarget } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
 import { evaluateHoverTrigger } from "@/lib/hover-trigger-policy";
 import { isOverlayHostNode, OVERLAY_HOST_SELECTOR } from "../../lib/overlay-bridge";
-import {
+import { childFrameProjection, type GeometryProjection, projectRectToViewport } from "../geometry";
-  type FrameProjectionIssue,
-  type FrameProjectionState,
-  projectSnapshotRect,
-  snapshotViewportRect,
-} from "../geometry/coordinate-types";
-import { cssViewport, GeometryContext, type LayoutMetrics } from "../geometry/frame-context";
 import type { CdpRunner } from "../shared";
 import { clearHover, ProbeBudget, waitForHover } from "./hover-perception";
 
-const REQUESTED_STYLES = ["position", "pointer-events", "cursor", "visibility", "opacity"] as const;
+const REQUESTED_STYLES = [
+  "position",
+  "pointer-events",
+  "cursor",
+  "visibility",
+  "opacity",
+  "overflow-x",
+  "overflow-y",
+] as const;
 const STYLE_COL = Object.fromEntries(
   REQUESTED_STYLES.map((name, index) => [name, index]),
 ) as Record<(typeof REQUESTED_STYLES)[number], number>;
@@ -46,6 +47,10 @@ export interface CapturedNode {
    * `textContent`: the live parser always sets it, hand-built fixtures may not.
    */
   cursor?: string;
+  overflowX?: string;
+  overflowY?: string;
+  /** True when this node or one of its DOM ancestors makes the subtree fully transparent/hidden. */
+  visuallySuppressed?: boolean;
   /**
    * Whether the live DOM snapshot provides a painted, non-hidden box for this
    * node. Semantic resolution uses this only for DOM fallback nodes; AX-backed
@@ -78,16 +83,12 @@ export interface CapturedViewModel {
   /** Explicit DOMSnapshot frame ancestry; never inferred from backend node ids. */
   frameParentIds?: Map<string, string>;
   rootFrameId?: string;
-  /** Failed boundaries and descendants blocked by them; clipping is not a failure. */
-  frameGeometryIssues?: FrameProjectionIssue[];
   /** Backend node ids belonging to the agent overlay host + its shadow subtree. */
   excludedBackendNodeIds: Set<number>;
 }
 
 export interface CaptureViewModelOptions {
   signal?: AbortSignal;
-  geometry?: GeometryContext;
-  target?: CdpTarget;
 }
 
 function captureAbortError(): Error {
@@ -158,6 +159,16 @@ interface SnapshotReply {
   documents?: SnapshotDocument[];
 }
 
+interface LayoutMetricsReply {
+  cssLayoutViewport?: {
+    clientWidth?: number;
+    clientHeight?: number;
+    pageX?: number;
+    pageY?: number;
+  };
+  layoutViewport?: { clientWidth?: number; clientHeight?: number; pageX?: number; pageY?: number };
+}
+
 function isFormControlTag(tag: string): boolean {
   return tag === "input" || tag === "textarea" || tag === "select";
 }
@@ -354,8 +365,7 @@ interface ParseDocumentResult {
 interface FrameContext {
   frameId?: string;
   ownerFrameBackendNodeId: number | null;
-  projection: FrameProjectionState;
+  projection: GeometryProjection | null;
-  target: CdpTarget;
   scrollX: number;
   scrollY: number;
 }
@@ -365,6 +375,15 @@ function str(strings: string[], idx: number | undefined): string {
   return strings[idx] ?? "";
 }
 
+function devicePixelRatio(metrics: LayoutMetricsReply): number {
+  const layoutW = metrics.layoutViewport?.clientWidth ?? 0;
+  const cssW = metrics.cssLayoutViewport?.clientWidth ?? 0;
+  if (!layoutW || !cssW) return 1;
+  const dpr = layoutW / cssW;
+  if (!Number.isFinite(dpr) || dpr <= 0) return 1;
+  return dpr >= 1 ? dpr : 1;
+}
+
 function sparseIndexMap(sparse: SparseArray | undefined): Map<number, number> {
   const out = new Map<number, number>();
   if (!sparse?.index || !sparse.value) return out;
@@ -790,11 +809,13 @@ export async function collectOverlayExcludedBackendIds(
  *
  * @param doc   - the raw DOMSnapshot document object
  * @param strings - the shared string table for the whole snapshot
+ * @param dpr   - device-pixel-ratio from Page.getLayoutMetrics
  * @param context - frame coordinate context; output rects are top viewport-relative
  */
 function parseDocumentNodes(
   doc: SnapshotDocument,
   strings: string[],
+  dpr: number,
   context: FrameContext,
 ): ParseDocumentResult {
   const dn = doc.nodes;
@@ -840,6 +861,8 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
   const cursorCol = STYLE_COL.cursor;
   const visibilityCol = STYLE_COL.visibility;
   const opacityCol = STYLE_COL.opacity;
+  const overflowXCol = STYLE_COL["overflow-x"];
+  const overflowYCol = STYLE_COL["overflow-y"];
   const inputValues = sparseIndexMap(dn.inputValue);
   const textValues = sparseIndexMap(dn.textValue);
   const checkedInputs = new Set(dn.inputChecked?.index ?? []);
@@ -865,6 +888,7 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
 
   // Build CapturedNodes.
   const nodes: CapturedNode[] = [];
+  const visuallySuppressedByNodeIndex = new Array<boolean>(count).fill(false);
   for (let n = 0; n < count; n++) {
     if (excluded[n]) continue;
     const backendNodeId = dn.backendNodeId[n];
@@ -884,24 +908,24 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
     let position = "static";
     let pointerEvents = "auto";
     let cursor = "auto";
+    let overflowX = "visible";
+    let overflowY = "visible";
     let rendered = false;
+    let visuallySuppressed =
+      parentIdx >= 0 ? visuallySuppressedByNodeIndex[parentIdx] === true : false;
     const li = layoutByNode.get(n);
     if (li !== undefined) {
       const b = dl?.bounds?.[li];
       if (b && b.length >= 4 && b[2] > 0 && b[3] > 0) {
-        const input = snapshotViewportRect(
+        localRect = {
-          b,
+          x: b[0] / dpr - context.scrollX,
-          { target: context.target, frameId: context.frameId },
+          y: b[1] / dpr - context.scrollY,
-          { x: context.scrollX, y: context.scrollY },
+          w: b[2] / dpr,
-        );
+          h: b[3] / dpr,
-        if (input) {
+        };
-          const { x, y, width: w, height: h } = input.rect;
+        const bounds = context.projection
-          localRect = { x, y, w, h };
+          ? projectRectToViewport(localRect, context.projection)
-        }
+          : null;
-        const bounds =
-          input && context.projection.status === "available"
-            ? projectSnapshotRect(input, context.projection.projection)
-            : null;
         rect = bounds ? { x: bounds.x, y: bounds.y, w: bounds.width, h: bounds.height } : null;
       }
       paintOrder = dl?.paintOrders?.[li] ?? 0;
@@ -911,12 +935,19 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
       cursor = str(strings, styleRow[cursorCol]) || "auto";
       const visibility = str(strings, styleRow[visibilityCol]) || "visible";
       const opacity = str(strings, styleRow[opacityCol]) || "1";
+      overflowX = str(strings, styleRow[overflowXCol]) || "visible";
+      overflowY = str(strings, styleRow[overflowYCol]) || "visible";
+      visuallySuppressed ||=
+        visibility === "hidden" ||
+        visibility === "collapse" ||
+        (Number.parseFloat(opacity) || 0) <= 0;
       rendered =
         localRect !== null &&
         visibility !== "hidden" &&
         visibility !== "collapse" &&
         (Number.parseFloat(opacity) || 0) > 0;
     }
+    visuallySuppressedByNodeIndex[n] = visuallySuppressed;
 
     // Skip non-element nodes (#text, #cdata-section, etc.) — they carry no
     // geometry and are never queried by callers.
@@ -951,6 +982,9 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
       position,
       pointerEvents,
       cursor,
+      overflowX,
+      overflowY,
+      visuallySuppressed,
       rendered,
       textContent,
       ...(formValue !== undefined ? { formValue } : {}),
@@ -969,23 +1003,21 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
 }
 
 interface ParseFrameDocumentsResult {
-  frameGeometryIssues: FrameProjectionIssue[];
   iframeNodes: CapturedIframeNodes;
   frameOwnerBackendNodeIds: Map<string, number>;
   frameParentIds: Map<string, string>;
   excludedBackendNodeIds: Set<number>;
 }
 
-async function parseChildFrameDocuments(
+function parseChildFrameDocuments(
   documents: SnapshotDocument[],
   strings: string[],
+  dpr: number,
   parentDocIndex: number,
+  parentNodes: CapturedNode[],
   parentContext: FrameContext,
-  geometry: GeometryContext,
-  signal?: AbortSignal,
   visited = new Set<number>(),
-): Promise<ParseFrameDocumentsResult> {
+): ParseFrameDocumentsResult {
-  const frameGeometryIssues: FrameProjectionIssue[] = [];
   const iframeNodes: CapturedIframeNodes = new Map();
   const frameOwnerBackendNodeIds = new Map<string, number>();
   const frameParentIds = new Map<string, string>();
@@ -993,80 +1025,26 @@ async function parseChildFrameDocuments(
   const parentDoc = documents[parentDocIndex];
   const cdi = sparseIndexMap(parentDoc?.nodes?.contentDocumentIndex);
   if (cdi.size === 0) {
-    return {
+    return { iframeNodes, frameOwnerBackendNodeIds, frameParentIds, excludedBackendNodeIds };
-      iframeNodes,
-      frameOwnerBackendNodeIds,
-      frameParentIds,
-      excludedBackendNodeIds,
-      frameGeometryIssues,
-    };
   }
 
   const parentBackendIds = parentDoc?.nodes?.backendNodeId ?? [];
+  const parentNodeByBackendId = new Map(parentNodes.map((node) => [node.backendNodeId, node]));
 
-  const children = [...cdi].flatMap(([nodeArrayIdx, childDocIndex]) => {
+  for (const [nodeArrayIdx, childDocIndex] of cdi) {
+    if (visited.has(childDocIndex)) continue;
     const childDoc = documents[childDocIndex];
+    if (!childDoc) continue;
     const iframeBackendId = parentBackendIds[nodeArrayIdx];
-    if (visited.has(childDocIndex) || !childDoc || iframeBackendId === undefined) return [];
+    if (iframeBackendId === undefined) continue;
-    const source = { target: parentContext.target, frameId: snapshotFrameId(childDoc, strings) };
+    const iframeNode = parentNodeByBackendId.get(iframeBackendId);
-    const parent = parentContext.projection;
+    const projection =
-    const projection: FrameProjectionState =
+      parentContext.projection && iframeNode?.localRect
-      parent.status === "available"
+        ? childFrameProjection(parentContext.projection, iframeNode.localRect)
-        ? { status: "unavailable", source, ownerBackendNodeId: iframeBackendId }
+        : null;
-        : { status: "blocked", source, cause: parent.status === "blocked" ? parent.cause : parent };
-    return [
-      {
-        childDocIndex,
-        childDoc,
-        iframeBackendId,
-        source,
-        projection: projection as FrameProjectionState,
-      },
-    ];
-  });
-  const parentProjection =
-    parentContext.projection.status === "available"
-      ? parentContext.projection.projection.geometry
-      : null;
-  if (parentProjection) {
-    // Measure only direct siblings. Recursion starts after these workers finish,
-    // so descendants never hold or recursively acquire a measurement slot.
-    const edge = parentProjection.edges[0];
-    const clips = edge
-      ? [edge.destinationQuad, ...(edge.destinationClips ?? [])]
-      : parentProjection.sourceClips;
-    let cursor = 0;
-    let failure: unknown;
-    await Promise.all(
-      Array.from({ length: Math.min(4, children.length) }, async () => {
-        while (cursor < children.length && !signal?.aborted && !failure) {
-          const child = children[cursor++];
-          try {
-            // Owner quads are target-relative; do not apply the parent transform twice.
-            child.projection = await geometry.snapshotProjection(
-              child.source,
-              child.iframeBackendId,
-              clips,
-              parentProjection.topViewport,
-            );
-          } catch (error) {
-            failure ??= error;
-          }
-        }
-      }),
-    );
-    // Join all active reads, including object cleanup, before propagating abort.
-    if (failure) throw failure;
-  }
-  throwIfAborted(signal);
 
-  // Completion order must not change document traversal or result insertion order.
-  for (const { childDocIndex, childDoc, iframeBackendId, source, projection } of children) {
-    throwIfAborted(signal);
-    if (projection.status !== "available") frameGeometryIssues.push(projection);
     const childContext: FrameContext = {
-      frameId: source.frameId,
+      frameId: snapshotFrameId(childDoc, strings),
-      target: source.target,
       ownerFrameBackendNodeId: iframeBackendId,
       projection,
       scrollX: childDoc.scrollOffsetX ?? 0,
@@ -1074,7 +1052,7 @@ async function parseChildFrameDocuments(
     };
     const nextVisited = new Set(visited);
     nextVisited.add(childDocIndex);
-    const parsed = parseDocumentNodes(childDoc, strings, childContext);
+    const parsed = parseDocumentNodes(childDoc, strings, dpr, childContext);
     iframeNodes.set(iframeBackendId, parsed.nodes);
     if (childContext.frameId) {
       frameOwnerBackendNodeIds.set(childContext.frameId, iframeBackendId);
@@ -1082,16 +1060,15 @@ async function parseChildFrameDocuments(
     }
     for (const id of parsed.excludedBackendNodeIds) excludedBackendNodeIds.add(id);
 
-    const nested = await parseChildFrameDocuments(
+    const nested = parseChildFrameDocuments(
       documents,
       strings,
+      dpr,
       childDocIndex,
+      parsed.nodes,
       childContext,
-      geometry,
-      signal,
       nextVisited,
     );
-    frameGeometryIssues.push(...nested.frameGeometryIssues);
     for (const [nestedFrameId, nestedNodes] of nested.iframeNodes) {
       iframeNodes.set(nestedFrameId, nestedNodes);
     }
@@ -1104,13 +1081,7 @@ async function parseChildFrameDocuments(
     for (const id of nested.excludedBackendNodeIds) excludedBackendNodeIds.add(id);
   }
 
-  return {
+  return { iframeNodes, frameOwnerBackendNodeIds, frameParentIds, excludedBackendNodeIds };
-    iframeNodes,
-    frameOwnerBackendNodeIds,
-    frameParentIds,
-    excludedBackendNodeIds,
-    frameGeometryIssues,
-  };
 }
 
 export async function captureViewModel(
@@ -1119,20 +1090,22 @@ export async function captureViewModel(
   options: CaptureViewModelOptions = {},
 ): Promise<CapturedViewModel> {
   throwIfAborted(options.signal);
-  const target = options.target ?? { tabId };
+  let metrics: LayoutMetricsReply = {};
-  const geometry = options.geometry ?? new GeometryContext(cdp, tabId, undefined, options.signal);
-  let metrics: LayoutMetrics = {};
   try {
-    metrics = await geometry.layoutMetrics(target);
+    metrics = await cdp.send<LayoutMetricsReply>(tabId, "Page.getLayoutMetrics", {});
   } catch (error) {
     if (isAbortError(error)) throw error;
     console.debug("[bsk capture] layout metrics unavailable", error);
   }
   throwIfAborted(options.signal);
-  const measured = cssViewport(metrics);
+  const dpr = devicePixelRatio(metrics);
-  const viewport: Viewport = { width: measured.width, height: measured.height };
+  const vpSrc = metrics.cssLayoutViewport ?? metrics.layoutViewport ?? {};
-  const scrollX = measured.scrollX;
+  const viewport: Viewport = {
-  const scrollY = measured.scrollY;
+    width: vpSrc.clientWidth ?? 0,
+    height: vpSrc.clientHeight ?? 0,
+  };
+  const scrollX = vpSrc.pageX ?? 0;
+  const scrollY = vpSrc.pageY ?? 0;
 
   await cdp.send(tabId, "DOMSnapshot.enable", {});
   throwIfAborted(options.signal);
@@ -1158,37 +1131,19 @@ export async function captureViewModel(
   const topContext: FrameContext = {
     frameId: snapshotFrameId(doc0, strings),
     ownerFrameBackendNodeId: null,
-    target,
     projection: {
-      status: "available",
+      sourceClips: [],
-      projection: {
+      edges: [],
-        source: { target, frameId: snapshotFrameId(doc0, strings) },
+      topViewport: viewport,
-        geometry: { sourceClips: [], edges: [], topViewport: viewport },
-      },
     },
     scrollX,
     scrollY,
   };
-  const mainParsed = parseDocumentNodes(doc0, strings, topContext);
+  const mainParsed = parseDocumentNodes(doc0, strings, dpr, topContext);
   const nodes = mainParsed.nodes;
   const excludedBackendNodeIds = new Set(mainParsed.excludedBackendNodeIds);
 
-  const ownerIds = new Set<number>();
+  const frameParsed = parseChildFrameDocuments(documents, strings, dpr, 0, nodes, topContext);
-  for (const document of documents) {
-    for (const index of document.nodes?.contentDocumentIndex?.index ?? []) {
-      const id = document.nodes?.backendNodeId?.[index];
-      if (id !== undefined) ownerIds.add(id);
-    }
-  }
-  geometry.registerSnapshotOwners(target, ownerIds);
-  const frameParsed = await parseChildFrameDocuments(
-    documents,
-    strings,
-    0,
-    topContext,
-    geometry,
-    options.signal,
-  );
   const iframeNodes = frameParsed.iframeNodes;
   for (const id of frameParsed.excludedBackendNodeIds) {
     excludedBackendNodeIds.add(id);
@@ -1214,7 +1169,6 @@ export async function captureViewModel(
     viewport,
     iframeNodes,
     frameNodes,
-    frameGeometryIssues: frameParsed.frameGeometryIssues,
     frameOwnerBackendNodeIds: frameParsed.frameOwnerBackendNodeIds,
     frameParentIds: frameParsed.frameParentIds,
     ...(topContext.frameId ? { rootFrameId: topContext.frameId } : {}),

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/frame-capture.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { CdpFrame, CdpFrameGraph } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
+import { resolveFrameProjection } from "../frame-geometry";
 import { type GeometryProjection, projectRectToViewport } from "../geometry";
-import { GeometryContext } from "../geometry/frame-context";
 import { type CdpRunner, cdpRunnerForTarget, sendToCdpTarget } from "../shared";
 import { type CapturedNode, type CapturedViewModel, captureViewModel } from "./capture";
 import {
@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@ function isAbortError(err: unknown): boolean {
   return err instanceof Error && err.name === "AbortError";
 }
 
+async function discoverFrameGraph(cdp: CdpRunner, tabId: number): Promise<CdpFrameGraph | null> {
+  if (!cdp.getFrameGraph) return null;
+  try {
+    return await cdp.getFrameGraph(tabId);
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.debug("[bsk observation] frame graph capture failed", err);
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
 function transformFrameNodes(
   nodes: CapturedNode[],
   projection: GeometryProjection | null,
@@ -41,7 +51,6 @@ async function captureMissingFrameDocuments(
   tabId: number,
   graph: CdpFrameGraph,
   captured: CapturedViewModel,
-  geometry: GeometryContext,
   signal?: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<void> {
   if (!captured.frameNodes) captured.frameNodes = new Map();
@@ -53,15 +62,10 @@ async function captureMissingFrameDocuments(
     try {
       const child = await captureViewModel(cdpRunnerForTarget(cdp, frame.target), tabId, {
         signal,
-        geometry,
-        target: frame.target,
       });
-      if (child.frameGeometryIssues?.length) {
-        (captured.frameGeometryIssues ??= []).push(...child.frameGeometryIssues);
-      }
       let projection: GeometryProjection | null = null;
       try {
-        projection = await geometry.targetProjection(frame.frameId);
+        projection = await resolveFrameProjection(cdp, graph, frame.frameId);
       } catch (err) {
         if (isAbortError(err)) throw err;
         console.debug("[bsk observation] child frame geometry projection failed", {
@@ -167,11 +171,10 @@ export async function captureFrameData<T extends FrameAxNode>(
   tabId: number,
   captured: CapturedViewModel,
   signal?: AbortSignal,
-  geometry = new GeometryContext(cdp, tabId, undefined, signal),
 ): Promise<CapturedFrameDocument<T>[]> {
-  const graph = await geometry.graph();
+  const graph = await discoverFrameGraph(cdp, tabId);
   const frames = graph?.frames ?? [];
-  if (graph) await captureMissingFrameDocuments(cdp, tabId, graph, captured, geometry, signal);
+  if (graph) await captureMissingFrameDocuments(cdp, tabId, graph, captured, signal);
   throwIfAborted(signal);
   const batches = await captureAxTrees<T>(cdp, tabId, frames, captured, signal);
   return buildFrameDocuments(graph, batches, captured);

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/rendered-surfaces/cluster.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import type { Rect } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { RenderedSurface, RenderedSurfaceGroup } from "./types";
+
+const STACK_IOU_RATIO = 0.9;
+const STACK_SIZE_RATIO = 0.9;
+
+function area(rect: Rect): number {
+  return Math.max(0, rect.w) * Math.max(0, rect.h);
+}
+
+function intersectionArea(a: Rect, b: Rect): number {
+  const width = Math.max(0, Math.min(a.x + a.w, b.x + b.w) - Math.max(a.x, b.x));
+  const height = Math.max(0, Math.min(a.y + a.h, b.y + b.h) - Math.max(a.y, b.y));
+  return width * height;
+}
+
+function sameVisualStack(a: RenderedSurface, b: RenderedSurface): boolean {
+  if (a.frameId !== b.frameId) return false;
+  if (a.parentBackendNodeId !== b.parentBackendNodeId) return false;
+  const aArea = area(a.visibleRect);
+  const bArea = area(b.visibleRect);
+  const intersection = intersectionArea(a.visibleRect, b.visibleRect);
+  const union = aArea + bArea - intersection;
+  const widthRatio =
+    Math.min(a.visibleRect.w, b.visibleRect.w) / Math.max(a.visibleRect.w, b.visibleRect.w);
+  const heightRatio =
+    Math.min(a.visibleRect.h, b.visibleRect.h) / Math.max(a.visibleRect.h, b.visibleRect.h);
+  return (
+    union > 0 &&
+    intersection / union >= STACK_IOU_RATIO &&
+    widthRatio >= STACK_SIZE_RATIO &&
+    heightRatio >= STACK_SIZE_RATIO
+  );
+}
+
+function toGroup(members: RenderedSurface[]): RenderedSurfaceGroup {
+  const representative = [...members].sort(
+    (a, b) => area(b.visibleRect) - area(a.visibleRect) || b.paintOrder - a.paintOrder,
+  )[0];
+  return {
+    frameId: representative.frameId,
+    members,
+    representative,
+    label: members.map((surface) => surface.label).find((label) => label !== undefined),
+  };
+}
+
+export function clusterRenderedSurfaces(surfaces: RenderedSurface[]): RenderedSurfaceGroup[] {
+  const groups: RenderedSurface[][] = [];
+  for (const surface of surfaces) {
+    const matching = groups.find((group) =>
+      group.some((member) => sameVisualStack(member, surface)),
+    );
+    if (matching) matching.push(surface);
+    else groups.push([surface]);
+  }
+  return groups
+    .map(toGroup)
+    .sort(
+      (a, b) =>
+        a.frameId.localeCompare(b.frameId) ||
+        a.representative.visibleRect.y - b.representative.visibleRect.y ||
+        a.representative.visibleRect.x - b.representative.visibleRect.x,
+    );
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/rendered-surfaces/discovery.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import type { Rect, Viewport } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { CapturedNode } from "../capture";
+import type { CapturedFrameDocument } from "../frame-capture";
+import type { SemanticAxNode } from "../semantic-graph";
+import type { RenderedSurface } from "./types";
+
+function clean(value: string | undefined): string | undefined {
+  const normalized = value?.replace(/\s+/g, " ").trim();
+  return normalized || undefined;
+}
+
+function intersectViewport(rect: Rect, viewport: Viewport): Rect | null {
+  return intersectRect(rect, { x: 0, y: 0, w: viewport.width, h: viewport.height });
+}
+
+function intersectRect(a: Rect, b: Rect): Rect | null {
+  const x = Math.max(a.x, b.x);
+  const y = Math.max(a.y, b.y);
+  const right = Math.min(a.x + a.w, b.x + b.w);
+  const bottom = Math.min(a.y + a.h, b.y + b.h);
+  if (right <= x || bottom <= y) return null;
+  return { x, y, w: right - x, h: bottom - y };
+}
+
+const CLIPPING_OVERFLOW = new Set(["auto", "clip", "hidden", "scroll"]);
+
+function clipToOverflowAncestors(
+  node: CapturedNode,
+  rect: Rect,
+  nodesByBackend: ReadonlyMap<number, CapturedNode>,
+): Rect | null {
+  let clipped: Rect | null = rect;
+  let parentBackendNodeId = node.parentBackendNodeId;
+  let guard = 0;
+  while (clipped && parentBackendNodeId !== null && guard <= nodesByBackend.size) {
+    const parent = nodesByBackend.get(parentBackendNodeId);
+    if (!parent) break;
+    if (parent.rect) {
+      const clipX = CLIPPING_OVERFLOW.has(parent.overflowX ?? "visible");
+      const clipY = CLIPPING_OVERFLOW.has(parent.overflowY ?? "visible");
+      if (clipX || clipY) {
+        const clipRect = {
+          x: clipX ? parent.rect.x : clipped.x,
+          y: clipY ? parent.rect.y : clipped.y,
+          w: clipX ? parent.rect.w : clipped.w,
+          h: clipY ? parent.rect.h : clipped.h,
+        };
+        clipped = intersectRect(clipped, clipRect);
+      }
+    }
+    parentBackendNodeId = parent.parentBackendNodeId;
+    guard += 1;
+  }
+  return clipped;
+}
+
+function excludedByDomPolicy(
+  node: CapturedNode,
+  nodesByBackend: Map<number, CapturedNode>,
+  excludedBackendNodeIds: ReadonlySet<number>,
+): boolean {
+  let current: CapturedNode | undefined = node;
+  let guard = 0;
+  while (current && guard <= nodesByBackend.size) {
+    if (excludedBackendNodeIds.has(current.backendNodeId)) return true;
+    if (current.visuallySuppressed === true) return true;
+    const attrs = current.attrs;
+    if (
+      Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, "hidden") ||
+      Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, "inert") ||
+      (attrs["aria-hidden"] ?? "").toLowerCase() === "true"
+    ) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    current =
+      current.parentBackendNodeId === null
+        ? undefined
+        : nodesByBackend.get(current.parentBackendNodeId);
+    guard += 1;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+export function discoverRenderedSurfaces(
+  documents: CapturedFrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>[],
+  viewport: Viewport,
+  excludedBackendNodeIds: ReadonlySet<number> = new Set(),
+): RenderedSurface[] {
+  const surfaces: RenderedSurface[] = [];
+  for (const document of documents) {
+    const nodesByBackend = new Map(document.domNodes.map((node) => [node.backendNodeId, node]));
+    for (const node of document.domNodes) {
+      if (node.tag.toLowerCase() !== "canvas" || node.rendered !== true || !node.rect) continue;
+      if (excludedByDomPolicy(node, nodesByBackend, excludedBackendNodeIds)) continue;
+      const viewportRect = intersectViewport(node.rect, viewport);
+      const visibleRect = viewportRect
+        ? clipToOverflowAncestors(node, viewportRect, nodesByBackend)
+        : null;
+      if (!visibleRect) continue;
+      const label = clean(node.attrs["aria-label"] ?? node.attrs.title);
+      surfaces.push({
+        renderingKind: "canvas",
+        frameId: document.frameId,
+        backendNodeId: node.backendNodeId,
+        parentBackendNodeId: node.parentBackendNodeId,
+        visibleRect,
+        paintOrder: node.paintOrder,
+        ...(label ? { label } : {}),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return surfaces;
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/rendered-surfaces/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+export { clusterRenderedSurfaces } from "./cluster";
+export { discoverRenderedSurfaces } from "./discovery";
+export { projectRenderedSurfaces } from "./project";
+export type { RenderedSurface, RenderedSurfaceGroup } from "./types";

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/rendered-surfaces/project.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import type { VomScene, VomVisualSurface } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { CapturedFrameDocument } from "../frame-capture";
+import type { SemanticAxNode } from "../semantic-graph";
+import type { RenderedSurfaceGroup } from "./types";
+
+function frameBackendKey(frameId: string, backendNodeId: number): string {
+  return `${frameId}\u0000${backendNodeId}`;
+}
+
+interface ProjectionIndex {
+  sceneByBackend: ReadonlyMap<string, number>;
+  documentByFrame: ReadonlyMap<string, CapturedFrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>>;
+  domByFrame: ReadonlyMap<
+    string,
+    ReadonlyMap<number, CapturedFrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>["domNodes"][number]>
+  >;
+  rootSceneIdByFrame: ReadonlyMap<string, number>;
+}
+
+function nearestSceneParent(index: ProjectionIndex, group: RenderedSurfaceGroup): number | null {
+  const document = index.documentByFrame.get(group.frameId);
+  const domByBackend = index.domByFrame.get(group.frameId) ?? new Map();
+  let parentBackendNodeId = group.representative.parentBackendNodeId;
+  let guard = 0;
+  while (parentBackendNodeId !== null && guard <= domByBackend.size) {
+    const sceneId = index.sceneByBackend.get(frameBackendKey(group.frameId, parentBackendNodeId));
+    if (sceneId !== undefined) return sceneId;
+    parentBackendNodeId = domByBackend.get(parentBackendNodeId)?.parentBackendNodeId ?? null;
+    guard += 1;
+  }
+
+  if (document?.parentFrameId && document.ownerBackendNodeId !== undefined) {
+    const owner = index.sceneByBackend.get(
+      frameBackendKey(document.parentFrameId, document.ownerBackendNodeId),
+    );
+    if (owner !== undefined) return owner;
+  }
+
+  return index.rootSceneIdByFrame.get(group.frameId) ?? null;
+}
+
+function buildProjectionIndex(
+  scene: VomScene,
+  documents: CapturedFrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>[],
+): ProjectionIndex {
+  const rootSceneIdByFrame = new Map<string, number>();
+  for (const node of scene.nodes) {
+    if (
+      node.frameId &&
+      !rootSceneIdByFrame.has(node.frameId) &&
+      ["rootwebarea", "webarea"].includes(node.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "")
+    ) {
+      rootSceneIdByFrame.set(node.frameId, node.id);
+    }
+  }
+  return {
+    sceneByBackend: new Map(
+      scene.nodes.flatMap((node) =>
+        node.backendNodeId === undefined
+          ? []
+          : [[frameBackendKey(node.frameId ?? "", node.backendNodeId), node.id] as const],
+      ),
+    ),
+    documentByFrame: new Map(documents.map((document) => [document.frameId, document])),
+    domByFrame: new Map(
+      documents.map((document) => [
+        document.frameId,
+        new Map(document.domNodes.map((node) => [node.backendNodeId, node])),
+      ]),
+    ),
+    rootSceneIdByFrame,
+  };
+}
+
+export function projectRenderedSurfaces(
+  scene: VomScene,
+  documents: CapturedFrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>[],
+  groups: RenderedSurfaceGroup[],
+): VomScene {
+  const index = buildProjectionIndex(scene, documents);
+  const visualSurfaces: VomVisualSurface[] = [];
+
+  for (const group of groups) {
+    const parentId = nearestSceneParent(index, group);
+    visualSurfaces.push({
+      parentId,
+      backendNodeId: group.representative.backendNodeId,
+      frameId: group.frameId,
+      renderingKind: "canvas",
+      visibleRect: group.representative.visibleRect,
+      ...(group.label ? { label: group.label } : {}),
+      memberCount: group.members.length,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...scene,
+    ...(visualSurfaces.length > 0 ? { visualSurfaces } : {}),
+  };
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/rendered-surfaces/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import type { Rect } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+
+export interface RenderedSurface {
+  renderingKind: "canvas";
+  frameId: string;
+  backendNodeId: number;
+  parentBackendNodeId: number | null;
+  visibleRect: Rect;
+  paintOrder: number;
+  label?: string;
+}
+
+export interface RenderedSurfaceGroup {
+  frameId: string;
+  members: RenderedSurface[];
+  representative: RenderedSurface;
+  label?: string;
+}

apps/extension/src/transport/types.ts

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export type ErrorCode =
 export type RpcErrorReason =
   | "agent_window_scope"
   | "element_not_visible"
+  | "ref_capability_denied"
   | "ref_not_found"
   | "selector_not_found"
   | "target_not_fillable"
@@ -48,6 +49,11 @@ export type RpcErrorReason =
   | "download_capture_failed"
   | "transfer_outcome_unknown"
   | "transfer_timeout"
+  | "surface_capture_not_found"
+  | "surface_capture_expired"
+  | "surface_capture_consumed"
+  | "surface_capture_stale"
+  | "surface_coordinate_invalid"
   | "cleanup_failed";
 
 export type TransferEffectState = "none" | "committed" | "unknown";
@@ -319,9 +325,17 @@ export interface ScreenshotResult {
   height: number;
   format: string;
   tab_id: number;
+  capture?: SurfaceCaptureInfo;
   dialogs?: JavaScriptDialogInfo[];
 }
 
+export interface SurfaceCaptureInfo {
+  id: string;
+  surface_ref: string;
+  coordinate_space: "capture-image-pixel";
+  expires_at: number;
+}
+
 export interface SnapshotParams {
   session_id: string;
   tab_id?: number;
@@ -440,6 +454,9 @@ export interface ClickParams {
   click_count?: number;
   modifiers?: KeyModifier[];
   timeout_ms?: number;
+  capture_id?: string;
+  image_x?: number;
+  image_y?: number;
 }
 
 export interface ClickResult {
@@ -448,6 +465,9 @@ export interface ClickResult {
   used_selector?: string;
   x: number;
   y: number;
+  capture_id?: string;
+  image_x?: number;
+  image_y?: number;
   dialogs?: JavaScriptDialogInfo[];
 }
 

apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# Rendered Surface browser fixtures
+
+These pages exercise Canvas discovery through a real browser DOMSnapshot and AX tree. They are deliberately framework- and site-independent.
+
+## Serve
+
+From the repository root:
+
+```bash
+python3 -m http.server 4173 --bind 127.0.0.1 \
+  --directory apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces
+```
+
+Use an Agent Window large enough to keep the primary matrix visible:
+
+```bash
+bsk session start --width 1440 --height 1100
+bsk navigate http://127.0.0.1:4173/index.html --session <id>
+bsk observe --session <id>
+```
+
+Always stop the session after the run.
+
+## Pages
+
+### `index.html`
+
+Expected individual Surface labels:
+
+- `fixture-basic-large`
+- `fixture-tiny-8px`
+- `fixture-pointer-events-none`
+- `fixture-partial-ax`
+- `fixture-contained-outer`
+- `fixture-contained-inner`
+- `fixture-different-parent-a`
+- `fixture-different-parent-b`
+
+Expected one grouped Surface:
+
+- `fixture-layered-group`, with `layers=2`
+
+Expected absent:
+
+- `fixture-display-none`
+- `fixture-visibility-hidden`
+- `fixture-opacity-zero`
+- `fixture-parent-opacity-zero`
+- `fixture-hidden-attribute`
+- `fixture-inert-parent`
+- `fixture-aria-hidden-parent`
+- `fixture-zero-size`
+- `fixture-offscreen-right`
+- `fixture-fully-overflow-clipped`
+
+`fixture-partially-overflow-clipped` must remain present because part of it is visible. Its screenshot must contain only the browser's final composited view.
+
+### `unlabeled.html`
+
+This page contains eight Canvas elements but must render seven generic Surface markers because
+the two coincident layers form one group.
+
+- Every marker uses the stable fallback label `canvas visual surface`.
+- Exactly one marker has `layers=2`.
+- The two contained canvases remain separate markers.
+- `id`, `class`, `data-testid`, nearby prose, and fallback AX content never become a Surface label.
+- Blank `aria-label` and `title` values behave as no label.
+- Fallback AX content does not suppress the corresponding Surface.
+
+### `frames.html`
+
+Expected Surface labels:
+
+- `fixture-same-origin-frame`
+- `fixture-cross-origin-frame`
+- `fixture-nested-frame`
+
+The cross-origin frame uses `http://localhost:4173` while the parent uses `http://127.0.0.1:4173`. With Chromium site isolation this exercises the OOPIF path without an external service.
+
+Each frame Canvas also exposes a `pointer status` live region. A successful
+screenshot-bound point click must report
+`down button=0 buttons=1 hoverReady=true; click received` and turn the Canvas
+yellow. The hover flag is set on the animation frame after `pointermove`, so the
+fixture verifies both child-document delivery and the scheduling boundary
+required before `pointerdown`, rather than merely validating projected
+coordinates or a successful CDP response.
+
+### `viewport.html`
+
+Run with a `900x700` Agent Window.
+
+- `fixture-partial-viewport` is partly visible and must be represented.
+- `fixture-below-fold` is absent initially.
+- After scrolling it into view and observing again, `fixture-below-fold` must be represented with a fresh ref.
+
+### `dynamic.html`
+
+Use the normal DOM buttons and re-observe after each action:
+
+- Initial state: `fixture-dynamic` absent.
+- After **Insert canvas**: present.
+- After **Resize to zero**: absent.
+- After **Restore size**: present with a fresh ref.
+- After **Remove canvas**: absent.
+
+## Invariants
+
+- `snapshot` must not emit any of these Surface markers.
+- `observe` must emit only currently visible Canvas surfaces.
+- Existing DOM/AX controls remain readable alongside Surface markers.
+- Missing labels never prevent discovery; naming and discovery are independent.
+- A Surface ref allows `screenshot --ref` and rejects ordinary click/fill/hover/select.
+- No fixture URL, id, label, or layout constant may appear in production discovery code.

apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces/dynamic.html

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <title>Rendered Surface dynamic matrix</title>
+    <style>
+      html, body { margin: 0; font: 14px system-ui, sans-serif; }
+      body { padding: 16px; }
+      .controls { display: flex; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 16px; }
+      button { padding: 8px 12px; }
+      canvas { display: block; width: 260px; height: 120px; background: #e8daef; border: 2px solid #7d3c98; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Dynamic Canvas lifecycle</h1>
+    <div class="controls">
+      <button id="insert" type="button">Insert canvas</button>
+      <button id="zero" type="button">Resize to zero</button>
+      <button id="restore" type="button">Restore size</button>
+      <button id="remove" type="button">Remove canvas</button>
+    </div>
+    <div id="mount"></div>
+    <script>
+      const mount = document.querySelector("#mount");
+      const getCanvas = () => mount.querySelector("canvas");
+      document.querySelector("#insert").addEventListener("click", () => {
+        if (getCanvas()) return;
+        const canvas = document.createElement("canvas");
+        canvas.width = 260;
+        canvas.height = 120;
+        canvas.setAttribute("aria-label", "fixture-dynamic");
+        mount.append(canvas);
+      });
+      document.querySelector("#zero").addEventListener("click", () => {
+        const canvas = getCanvas();
+        if (canvas) canvas.style.cssText = "width:0;height:0;border:0";
+      });
+      document.querySelector("#restore").addEventListener("click", () => {
+        const canvas = getCanvas();
+        if (canvas) canvas.removeAttribute("style");
+      });
+      document.querySelector("#remove").addEventListener("click", () => getCanvas()?.remove());
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>

apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces/frame.html

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <style>
+      html, body { margin: 0; font: 14px system-ui, sans-serif; }
+      body { padding: 12px; background: #fdfefe; }
+      canvas { display: block; width: 220px; height: 90px; background: #d5f5e3; border: 2px solid #1e8449; }
+      iframe { width: 280px; height: 150px; margin-top: 10px; border: 2px solid #85929e; }
+      #pointer-status { margin: 8px 0 0; min-height: 20px; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <canvas id="frame-canvas" width="220" height="90"></canvas>
+    <script>
+      const params = new URLSearchParams(location.search);
+      const canvas = document.querySelector("#frame-canvas");
+      if (params.get("canvas") === "0") canvas.remove();
+      else {
+        canvas.setAttribute("aria-label", params.get("label") || "fixture-frame-default");
+        if (params.get("interactive") === "1") {
+          const status = document.createElement("p");
+          status.id = "pointer-status";
+          status.setAttribute("aria-live", "polite");
+          status.textContent = "pointer status: idle";
+          canvas.insertAdjacentElement("afterend", status);
+          let hoverReady = false;
+          canvas.addEventListener("pointermove", () => {
+            hoverReady = false;
+            requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+              hoverReady = true;
+            });
+          });
+          canvas.addEventListener("pointerdown", (event) => {
+            status.textContent = `pointer status: down button=${event.button} buttons=${event.buttons} hoverReady=${hoverReady}`;
+            if (event.buttons === 1 && hoverReady) canvas.style.background = "#f9e79f";
+          });
+          canvas.addEventListener("click", () => {
+            status.textContent += "; click received";
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      if (params.get("nested") === "1") {
+        const iframe = document.createElement("iframe");
+        iframe.title = "nested fixture frame";
+        iframe.src = "frame.html?label=fixture-nested-frame&interactive=1";
+        document.body.append(iframe);
+      }
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>

apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces/frames.html

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <title>Rendered Surface frame matrix</title>
+    <style>
+      html, body { margin: 0; font: 14px system-ui, sans-serif; }
+      body { padding: 16px; }
+      .frames { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 320px); gap: 16px; }
+      iframe { width: 300px; height: 300px; border: 2px solid #5d6d7e; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Frame matrix</h1>
+    <div class="frames">
+      <iframe title="same-origin fixture" src="frame.html?label=fixture-same-origin-frame&interactive=1"></iframe>
+      <iframe title="cross-origin fixture" src="http://localhost:4173/frame.html?label=fixture-cross-origin-frame&interactive=1"></iframe>
+      <iframe title="nested fixture" src="frame.html?canvas=0&nested=1"></iframe>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>

apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <title>Rendered Surface discovery matrix</title>
+    <style>
+      * { box-sizing: border-box; }
+      html, body { margin: 0; min-height: 100%; font: 14px/1.4 system-ui, sans-serif; }
+      body { padding: 16px; background: #f4f6f8; color: #17202a; }
+      h1 { margin: 0 0 12px; font-size: 20px; }
+      .matrix { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(220px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; }
+      .case { min-height: 150px; padding: 10px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid #aeb6bf; border-radius: 6px; background: white; }
+      .case h2 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 13px; }
+      canvas { display: block; background: #d6eaf8; border: 2px solid #2874a6; }
+      .stack { position: relative; width: 180px; height: 90px; }
+      .stack canvas { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 180px; height: 90px; }
+      .stack canvas + canvas { background: rgb(244 208 63 / 45%); border-color: #b7950b; }
+      .contained { position: relative; width: 190px; height: 100px; }
+      .contained > canvas:first-child { width: 190px; height: 100px; }
+      .contained > canvas:last-child { position: absolute; left: 55px; top: 30px; width: 70px; height: 40px; background: #fadbd8; border-color: #c0392b; }
+      .same-place { position: relative; width: 180px; height: 90px; }
+      .same-place > div { position: absolute; inset: 0; }
+      .same-place canvas { width: 180px; height: 90px; }
+      .same-place > div:last-child canvas { border-color: #7d3c98; background: rgb(210 180 222 / 35%); }
+      .clip-box { width: 100px; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; border: 2px dashed #566573; }
+      .partially-clipped { width: 140px; height: 60px; transform: translateX(45px); }
+      .fully-clipped { width: 80px; height: 50px; transform: translateX(130px); }
+      .tiny { width: 8px; height: 8px; border-width: 1px; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Rendered Surface discovery matrix</h1>
+    <main class="matrix">
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Visible named canvas</h2>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-basic-large" width="200" height="90"></canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Tiny canvas remains addressable</h2>
+        <canvas class="tiny" aria-label="fixture-tiny-8px" width="8" height="8"></canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Visible but pointer-events none</h2>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-pointer-events-none" width="180" height="80" style="pointer-events: none"></canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Partial AX/fallback content</h2>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-partial-ax" width="180" height="80">
+          <button type="button">Fallback button must not suppress the surface</button>
+        </canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Two real rendering layers</h2>
+        <div class="stack">
+          <canvas aria-label="fixture-layered-group" width="180" height="90"></canvas>
+          <canvas width="180" height="90"></canvas>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Contained canvases are independent</h2>
+        <div class="contained">
+          <canvas aria-label="fixture-contained-outer" width="190" height="100"></canvas>
+          <canvas aria-label="fixture-contained-inner" width="70" height="40"></canvas>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Same geometry, different parents</h2>
+        <div class="same-place">
+          <div><canvas aria-label="fixture-different-parent-a" width="180" height="90"></canvas></div>
+          <div><canvas aria-label="fixture-different-parent-b" width="180" height="90"></canvas></div>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Partially overflow-clipped</h2>
+        <div class="clip-box">
+          <canvas class="partially-clipped" aria-label="fixture-partially-overflow-clipped" width="140" height="60"></canvas>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Fully overflow-clipped</h2>
+        <div class="clip-box">
+          <canvas class="fully-clipped" aria-label="fixture-fully-overflow-clipped" width="80" height="50"></canvas>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>CSS-hidden variants</h2>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-display-none" width="80" height="40" style="display: none"></canvas>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-visibility-hidden" width="80" height="40" style="visibility: hidden"></canvas>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-opacity-zero" width="80" height="40" style="opacity: 0"></canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Hidden ancestor variants</h2>
+        <div style="opacity: 0"><canvas aria-label="fixture-parent-opacity-zero" width="80" height="40"></canvas></div>
+        <div hidden><canvas aria-label="fixture-hidden-attribute" width="80" height="40"></canvas></div>
+        <div inert><canvas aria-label="fixture-inert-parent" width="80" height="40"></canvas></div>
+        <div aria-hidden="true"><canvas aria-label="fixture-aria-hidden-parent" width="80" height="40"></canvas></div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Zero-size and offscreen</h2>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-zero-size" width="80" height="40" style="width: 0; height: 0; border: 0"></canvas>
+        <canvas aria-label="fixture-offscreen-right" width="80" height="40" style="position: fixed; left: 5000px; top: 0"></canvas>
+      </section>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
+

apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces/unlabeled.html

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <title>Unlabeled Rendered Surface matrix</title>
+    <style>
+      * { box-sizing: border-box; }
+      html, body { margin: 0; min-height: 100%; font: 14px/1.4 system-ui, sans-serif; }
+      body { padding: 16px; background: #f4f6f8; color: #17202a; }
+      h1 { margin: 0 0 12px; font-size: 20px; }
+      .matrix { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(240px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; }
+      .case { min-height: 150px; padding: 10px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid #aeb6bf; border-radius: 6px; background: white; }
+      .case h2 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 13px; }
+      .case p { margin: 0 0 8px; }
+      canvas { display: block; background: #d6eaf8; border: 2px solid #2874a6; }
+      .stack { position: relative; width: 180px; height: 90px; }
+      .stack canvas { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 180px; height: 90px; }
+      .stack canvas + canvas { background: rgb(244 208 63 / 45%); border-color: #b7950b; }
+      .contained { position: relative; width: 190px; height: 100px; }
+      .contained > canvas:first-child { width: 190px; height: 100px; }
+      .contained > canvas:last-child { position: absolute; left: 55px; top: 30px; width: 70px; height: 40px; background: #fadbd8; border-color: #c0392b; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Unlabeled Rendered Surface matrix</h1>
+    <main class="matrix">
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Only engineering attributes</h2>
+        <canvas id="must-not-be-a-label" class="must-not-be-a-label" data-testid="must-not-be-a-label" width="200" height="90"></canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Blank explicit names</h2>
+        <canvas aria-label="   " title="   " width="180" height="80"></canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Nearby prose is not a Canvas name</h2>
+        <p>must-not-be-inferred-as-a-surface-label</p>
+        <canvas width="180" height="80"></canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Fallback AX content does not name or suppress the Canvas</h2>
+        <canvas width="180" height="80">
+          <button type="button">Fallback control remains separate</button>
+        </canvas>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Unnamed rendering layers still cluster</h2>
+        <div class="stack">
+          <canvas width="180" height="90"></canvas>
+          <canvas width="180" height="90"></canvas>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+
+      <section class="case">
+        <h2>Unnamed contained canvases stay independent</h2>
+        <div class="contained">
+          <canvas width="190" height="100"></canvas>
+          <canvas width="70" height="40"></canvas>
+        </div>
+      </section>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>

apps/extension/test-fixtures/rendered-surfaces/viewport.html

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+    <title>Rendered Surface viewport matrix</title>
+    <style>
+      html, body { margin: 0; font: 14px system-ui, sans-serif; }
+      body { min-height: 1800px; padding: 16px; }
+      canvas { display: block; background: #fdebd0; border: 2px solid #ca6f1e; }
+      #partial { position: fixed; left: -70px; top: 120px; width: 180px; height: 100px; }
+      #below { position: absolute; left: 40px; top: 1350px; width: 240px; height: 120px; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Viewport matrix</h1>
+    <p>The orange canvas on the left is intentionally clipped by the viewport.</p>
+    <canvas id="partial" aria-label="fixture-partial-viewport" width="180" height="100"></canvas>
+    <canvas id="below" aria-label="fixture-below-fold" width="240" height="120"></canvas>
+  </body>
+</html>
+

crates/bsk-cli/skill/SKILL.md

@@ -73,6 +73,28 @@ CSS-only hover menu looks like from here. It hovers a bounded set of likely trig
 few seconds and touches the live page; once you know which element hides the menu, `bsk hover <ref>`
 is cheaper and more precise.
 
+When `bsk observe` renders
+`@eN surface ... [visual-only; requires=image-understanding; ...]`, the ref identifies rendered
+canvas content that is not represented by the text observation, not an interactable DOM control.
+Keep using any reliable DOM/AX text and controls that appear alongside it. If you lack multimodal or
+image-reading capability, do not take a screenshot and pretend to know its contents, and never guess
+coordinates; tell the user that they need to switch to a model with image-understanding capability.
+
+If you can actually inspect image output, use `bsk screenshot --ref @eN --session <id>` to obtain
+the visible crop and its short-lived, single-use Surface capture id. Only when the task requires a
+point action and the image provides a clear target, bind that exact screenshot to the click command:
+
+```bash
+bsk click @eN --capture <capture-id> --image-x <px> --image-y <px> --session <id>
+```
+
+Coordinates are pixels in the returned capture image, not viewport CSS coordinates. Re-observing,
+navigating, scrolling, resizing, zooming, changing Frame projection, expiry, or reusing the capture
+makes the action fail; take a new Surface screenshot instead of adjusting or retrying coordinates.
+A point click does not reveal Canvas semantics and must not be followed by an assumed fill/press
+workflow. Without all three capture arguments, visual Surface refs remain screenshot-only and
+click/fill/hover/select reject them.
+
 Escalate page reading only as needed:
 
 1. `bsk observe` for normal semantic understanding, text, controls, and refs.
@@ -125,6 +147,7 @@ Required flags that are easy to get wrong:
 bsk fill <ref> --value <text>      bsk select <ref> --value <option-value>
 bsk screenshot --out <path>        bsk emulate --device <preset-id>
 bsk upload <ref> --file <path>     bsk download <ref> --out <path>
+bsk click <surface-ref> --capture <id> --image-x <px> --image-y <px>
 ```
 
 `select` matches an option's `value` attribute, not its visible label. Device preset ids are

crates/bsk-cli/src/cli/business_rpc.rs

@@ -73,14 +73,6 @@ where
     P: Serialize + Send + 'static,
     R: DeserializeOwned + Send + 'static,
 {
-    let parent_cancel = stdin_cancellation();
-    if parent_cancel.as_ref().is_some_and(|rx| *rx.borrow()) {
-        return Err(CliError::from_rpc(RpcError {
-            code: ErrorCode::Cancelled,
-            message: "parent closed the cancellation pipe".into(),
-            data: Some(serde_json::json!({"reason": "cancelled_before_dispatch"})),
-        }));
-    }
     let rpc_id: RpcId = format!("{}-{}", rpc_id_prefix, random_short_id());
     let mut client = IpcClient::connect(sock.clone()).await?;
     let rpc_id_for_call = rpc_id.clone();
@@ -96,16 +88,16 @@ where
     let outcome = tokio::select! {
         biased;
         res = &mut main_fut => res?,
-        sig = wait_for_cancel(parent_cancel) => {
+        sig = wait_for_sigint() => {
-            sig.context("wait for cancellation").map_err(CliError::Local)?;
+            sig.context("install SIGINT handler").map_err(CliError::Local)?;
-            debug!(rpc_id = %rpc_id_for_cancel, "forwarding cancel to daemon");
+            debug!(rpc_id = %rpc_id_for_cancel, "SIGINT: forwarding cancel to daemon");
             let _ = send_cancel(&sock, &rpc_id_for_cancel).await;
             match tokio::time::timeout(CANCEL_RESPONSE_GRACE, &mut main_fut).await {
                 Ok(res) => res?,
                 Err(_) => {
                     debug!(
                         rpc_id = %rpc_id_for_cancel,
-                        "cancel grace elapsed; synthesising cancelled error"
+                        "SIGINT: cancel grace elapsed; synthesising cancelled error"
                     );
                     return Err(CliError::from_rpc(RpcError {
                         code: ErrorCode::Cancelled,
@@ -120,46 +112,6 @@ where
     outcome.map_err(CliError::from_rpc)
 }
 
-/// Release caller-owned staging even after cancellation. This deliberately
-/// exposes only transfer.release, not a general bypass for business RPCs.
-/// The entire batch, including connection setup, shares one bounded budget.
-pub fn release_transfers<'a>(
-    sock: &Path,
-    transfer_ids: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>,
-) -> Result<(), CliError> {
-    use bsk_protocol::tools::{TransferIdParams, TransferReleaseResult};
-    const CLEANUP_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
-    let ids: Vec<_> = transfer_ids.into_iter().collect();
-    if ids.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-        .enable_all()
-        .build()
-        .context("build runtime for transfer cleanup")?;
-    rt.block_on(async {
-        tokio::time::timeout(CLEANUP_TIMEOUT, async {
-            let mut client = IpcClient::connect(sock).await?;
-            for id in ids {
-                client
-                    .call::<_, TransferReleaseResult>(
-                        "transfer-release",
-                        Method::TransferRelease,
-                        Some(TransferIdParams {
-                            transfer_id: id.to_string(),
-                        }),
-                        CLEANUP_TIMEOUT,
-                    )
-                    .await?
-                    .map_err(CliError::from_rpc)?;
-            }
-            Ok::<_, CliError>(())
-        })
-        .await
-        .context("transfer cleanup exceeded its total time budget")?
-    })
-}
-
 /// Send a `cancel { rpc_id }` frame over a fresh connection so it
 /// lands on the daemon while the original call is still parked.
 ///
@@ -194,57 +146,8 @@ fn random_short_id() -> String {
     bytes.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02x}")).collect()
 }
 
-/// Opt-in control pipe for parent processes that cannot send Ctrl-C (Node on
+/// Wait for either Ctrl-C or process SIGTERM. Returning here means
-/// Windows). One reader survives the short-lived runtimes used by multi-RPC
+/// the user has asked us to stop.
-/// commands such as upload. Ordinary CLI stdin and terminal Ctrl-C are unchanged.
-fn stdin_cancellation() -> Option<tokio::sync::watch::Receiver<bool>> {
-    if std::env::var("BSK_CANCEL_ON_STDIN_CLOSE").as_deref() != Ok("1") {
-        return None;
-    }
-    static CANCEL: std::sync::OnceLock<tokio::sync::watch::Receiver<bool>> =
-        std::sync::OnceLock::new();
-    Some(
-        CANCEL
-            .get_or_init(|| {
-                let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(false);
-                std::thread::spawn(move || {
-                    use std::io::Read;
-                    let mut stdin = std::io::stdin().lock();
-                    let mut buf = [0; 64];
-                    loop {
-                        match stdin.read(&mut buf) {
-                            Ok(0) => break,
-                            Ok(_) => {}
-                            Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
-                            Err(_) => break,
-                        }
-                    }
-                    let _ = tx.send(true);
-                });
-                rx
-            })
-            .clone(),
-    )
-}
-
-async fn wait_for_cancel(
-    parent_cancel: Option<tokio::sync::watch::Receiver<bool>>,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let parent_closed = async move {
-        match parent_cancel {
-            Some(mut rx) => {
-                let _ = rx.wait_for(|closed| *closed).await;
-            }
-            None => std::future::pending::<()>().await,
-        }
-    };
-    tokio::select! {
-        result = wait_for_sigint() => result,
-        _ = parent_closed => Ok(()),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Wait for terminal Ctrl-C.
 async fn wait_for_sigint() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     tokio::signal::ctrl_c().await.context("listen for SIGINT")?;
     Ok(())

crates/bsk-cli/src/cli/download.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ use anyhow::Context;
 use base64::Engine;
 use bsk_protocol::Method;
 use bsk_protocol::tools::{
-    DownloadParams, DownloadResult, TransferChunkParams, TransferChunkResult,
+    DownloadParams, DownloadResult, TransferChunkParams, TransferChunkResult, TransferIdParams,
+    TransferReleaseResult,
 };
 use clap::Args;
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -69,7 +70,13 @@ pub fn dispatch(args: DownloadArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
         CliError::Local(anyhow::anyhow!("daemon returned no download transfer id"))
     })?;
     let write_result = write_transfer(&info.sock_path, &transfer_id, &args.out, args.overwrite);
-    let _ = crate::cli::business_rpc::release_transfers(&info.sock_path, [transfer_id.as_str()]);
+    let _: Result<TransferReleaseResult, CliError> = crate::cli::business_rpc::call(
+        info.sock_path,
+        "transfer-release",
+        Method::TransferRelease,
+        Some(TransferIdParams { transfer_id }),
+        Duration::from_secs(5),
+    );
     write_result?;
     match format {
         Format::Json => {

crates/bsk-cli/src/cli/interaction.rs

@@ -136,6 +136,18 @@ pub struct ClickArgs {
 
     #[arg(long, default_value = "30s", value_parser = parse_timeout_ms)]
     pub timeout: u32,
+
+    /// Capture id returned by `bsk screenshot --ref <surface>`.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub capture: Option<String>,
+
+    /// X coordinate in capture-image pixels. Requires `--capture` and `--image-y`.
+    #[arg(long = "image-x", allow_hyphen_values = true)]
+    pub image_x: Option<f64>,
+
+    /// Y coordinate in capture-image pixels. Requires `--capture` and `--image-x`.
+    #[arg(long = "image-y", allow_hyphen_values = true)]
+    pub image_y: Option<f64>,
 }
 
 pub fn dispatch_click(args: ClickArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
@@ -147,6 +159,14 @@ pub fn dispatch_click(args: ClickArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
     )?;
     let modifiers = parse_modifiers(&args.modifiers)
         .map_err(|e| CliError::Local(anyhow::anyhow!("--modifiers: {e}")))?;
+    let point_arg_count = usize::from(args.capture.is_some())
+        + usize::from(args.image_x.is_some())
+        + usize::from(args.image_y.is_some());
+    if point_arg_count != 0 && point_arg_count != 3 {
+        return Err(CliError::Local(anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "--capture, --image-x, and --image-y must be given together"
+        )));
+    }
     let params = ClickParams {
         session_id: args.session.clone(),
         ref_,
@@ -160,6 +180,9 @@ pub fn dispatch_click(args: ClickArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
             Some(modifiers)
         },
         timeout_ms: Some(args.timeout),
+        capture_id: args.capture.clone(),
+        image_x: args.image_x,
+        image_y: args.image_y,
     };
     let reply: ClickResult = call(
         info.sock_path,
@@ -183,6 +206,14 @@ pub fn dispatch_click(args: ClickArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
                 "click ok tab={} target={target} at=({}, {})",
                 reply.tab_id, reply.x, reply.y
             );
+            if let Some(capture_id) = &reply.capture_id {
+                println!(
+                    "capture={} image=({}, {}) coordinate_space=capture-image-pixel",
+                    capture_id,
+                    reply.image_x.unwrap_or_default(),
+                    reply.image_y.unwrap_or_default()
+                );
+            }
             print_dialog_summaries(&reply.dialogs);
         }
     }

crates/bsk-cli/src/cli/render_error.rs

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ use bsk_protocol::ErrorCode;
 pub mod reason {
     pub const AGENT_WINDOW_SCOPE: &str = "agent_window_scope";
     pub const ELEMENT_NOT_VISIBLE: &str = "element_not_visible";
+    pub const REF_CAPABILITY_DENIED: &str = "ref_capability_denied";
     pub const REF_NOT_FOUND: &str = "ref_not_found";
     pub const SELECTOR_NOT_FOUND: &str = "selector_not_found";
     pub const TARGET_NOT_FILLABLE: &str = "target_not_fillable";
@@ -64,6 +65,11 @@ pub mod reason {
     pub const DOWNLOAD_CAPTURE_FAILED: &str = "download_capture_failed";
     pub const TRANSFER_OUTCOME_UNKNOWN: &str = "transfer_outcome_unknown";
     pub const TRANSFER_TIMEOUT: &str = "transfer_timeout";
+    pub const SURFACE_CAPTURE_NOT_FOUND: &str = "surface_capture_not_found";
+    pub const SURFACE_CAPTURE_EXPIRED: &str = "surface_capture_expired";
+    pub const SURFACE_CAPTURE_CONSUMED: &str = "surface_capture_consumed";
+    pub const SURFACE_CAPTURE_STALE: &str = "surface_capture_stale";
+    pub const SURFACE_COORDINATE_INVALID: &str = "surface_coordinate_invalid";
     pub const SESSION_BUSY: &str = crate::rpc_reason::SESSION_BUSY;
     pub const RECORD_START_PAGE_UNREACHABLE: &str = "record_start_page_unreachable";
 }
@@ -299,6 +305,13 @@ pub fn info_for_error(code: ErrorCode, data: Option<&serde_json::Value>) -> Rend
             ),
             exit_code: base.exit_code,
         },
+        (ErrorCode::PermissionDenied, reason::REF_CAPABILITY_DENIED) => RenderInfo {
+            summary: "snapshot ref does not support this operation",
+            hint: Some(
+                "visual Surface refs require image understanding; inspect `bsk screenshot --ref <ref> --session <id>`, then bind its capture id and image coordinates to `bsk click`",
+            ),
+            exit_code: base.exit_code,
+        },
         (ErrorCode::InvalidParams, reason::TARGET_NOT_SELECT) => RenderInfo {
             summary: "target element is not a <select>",
             hint: Some(
@@ -341,6 +354,41 @@ pub fn info_for_error(code: ErrorCode, data: Option<&serde_json::Value>) -> Rend
             ),
             exit_code: base.exit_code,
         },
+        (ErrorCode::NotFound, reason::SURFACE_CAPTURE_NOT_FOUND) => RenderInfo {
+            summary: "surface capture transaction was not found",
+            hint: Some(
+                "take a fresh surface screenshot and use its capture id with coordinates from that image",
+            ),
+            exit_code: base.exit_code,
+        },
+        (ErrorCode::PermissionDenied, reason::SURFACE_CAPTURE_EXPIRED) => RenderInfo {
+            summary: "surface capture transaction has expired",
+            hint: Some(
+                "take a fresh surface screenshot, then click promptly with that capture id and image coordinates",
+            ),
+            exit_code: base.exit_code,
+        },
+        (ErrorCode::PermissionDenied, reason::SURFACE_CAPTURE_CONSUMED) => RenderInfo {
+            summary: "surface capture transaction was already used",
+            hint: Some(
+                "each capture id is single-use; take a fresh surface screenshot before another point action",
+            ),
+            exit_code: base.exit_code,
+        },
+        (ErrorCode::PermissionDenied, reason::SURFACE_CAPTURE_STALE) => RenderInfo {
+            summary: "page state changed since the surface screenshot",
+            hint: Some(
+                "take a fresh surface screenshot and choose coordinates from the new image before retrying",
+            ),
+            exit_code: base.exit_code,
+        },
+        (ErrorCode::InvalidParams, reason::SURFACE_COORDINATE_INVALID) => RenderInfo {
+            summary: "surface image coordinate is invalid",
+            hint: Some(
+                "use finite pixel coordinates inside the captured image; its top-left corner is (0, 0)",
+            ),
+            exit_code: base.exit_code,
+        },
         (
             ErrorCode::CdpFailed | ErrorCode::Timeout | ErrorCode::InvalidParams,
             reason::RECORD_START_PAGE_UNREACHABLE,
@@ -564,6 +612,18 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(info.exit_code, 3);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn ref_capability_denied_explains_visual_surface_refs() {
+        let data = serde_json::json!({ "reason": reason::REF_CAPABILITY_DENIED });
+        let info = info_for_error(ErrorCode::PermissionDenied, Some(&data));
+        assert_eq!(info.summary, "snapshot ref does not support this operation");
+        assert!(
+            info.hint.unwrap().contains("capture id"),
+            "expected visual-surface-specific hint"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(info.exit_code, 1);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn session_busy_overrides_timeout_copy() {
         let data = serde_json::json!({ "reason": reason::SESSION_BUSY });
@@ -664,6 +724,25 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(info.summary.contains("timed out after browser dispatch"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn surface_capture_stale_requests_a_fresh_screenshot() {
+        let data = serde_json::json!({ "reason": reason::SURFACE_CAPTURE_STALE });
+        let info = info_for_error(ErrorCode::PermissionDenied, Some(&data));
+        assert_eq!(
+            info.summary,
+            "page state changed since the surface screenshot"
+        );
+        assert!(info.hint.unwrap().contains("fresh surface screenshot"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn surface_coordinate_invalid_explains_image_pixel_bounds() {
+        let data = serde_json::json!({ "reason": reason::SURFACE_COORDINATE_INVALID });
+        let info = info_for_error(ErrorCode::InvalidParams, Some(&data));
+        assert_eq!(info.summary, "surface image coordinate is invalid");
+        assert!(info.hint.unwrap().contains("top-left corner is (0, 0)"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn ref_not_found_overrides_not_found_copy() {
         let data = serde_json::json!({ "reason": reason::REF_NOT_FOUND });

crates/bsk-cli/src/cli/screenshot.rs

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn run(sock: PathBuf, args: ScreenshotArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliErr
         .map_err(CliError::Local)?;
     match format {
         Format::Json => {
-            let json = serde_json::json!({
+            let mut json = serde_json::json!({
                 "tab_id": reply.tab_id,
                 "width": reply.width,
                 "height": reply.height,
@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ fn run(sock: PathBuf, args: ScreenshotArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliErr
                 "path": out_path.to_string_lossy(),
                 "byte_size": bytes.len(),
             });
+            if let Some(capture) = &reply.capture {
+                json["capture"] = serde_json::to_value(capture)
+                    .map_err(|e| CliError::Local(anyhow::anyhow!(e)))?;
+            }
             println!(
                 "{}",
                 serde_json::to_string_pretty(&json)
@@ -75,6 +79,12 @@ fn run(sock: PathBuf, args: ScreenshotArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliErr
         }
         Format::Human => {
             println!("{}", out_path.display());
+            if let Some(capture) = &reply.capture {
+                println!(
+                    "capture={} surface={} coordinate_space={} expires_at={}",
+                    capture.id, capture.surface_ref, capture.coordinate_space, capture.expires_at
+                );
+            }
             print_dialog_summaries(&reply.dialogs);
         }
     }

crates/bsk-cli/src/cli/upload.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use base64::Engine;
 use bsk_protocol::Method;
 use bsk_protocol::tools::{
     TransferBeginParams, TransferBeginResult, TransferChunkParams, TransferChunkResult,
-    TransferIdParams, TransferReadyResult, UploadFile, UploadMode, UploadParams, UploadResult,
+    TransferIdParams, TransferReadyResult, TransferReleaseResult, UploadFile, UploadMode,
+    UploadParams, UploadResult,
 };
 use clap::{Args, ValueEnum};
 
@@ -68,12 +69,14 @@ pub fn dispatch(args: UploadArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
     let (ref_, selector) = split_target(args.target, args.ref_, args.selector)?;
     let mut staged = Vec::new();
     for path in &args.files {
-        if let Err(err) = stage_file(&info.sock_path, &args.session, path, &mut staged) {
+        match stage_file(&info.sock_path, &args.session, path) {
-            let _ = crate::cli::business_rpc::release_transfers(
+            Ok(file) => staged.push(file),
-                &info.sock_path,
+            Err(err) => {
-                staged.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_str()),
+                for (id, _) in &staged {
-            );
+                    let _ = release(&info.sock_path, id);
-            return Err(err);
+                }
+                return Err(err);
+            }
         }
     }
     let params = UploadParams {
@@ -99,17 +102,6 @@ pub fn dispatch(args: UploadArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
         Some(params),
         ipc_timeout(args.timeout),
     );
-    // The helper can reject cancellation before handing any request to the
-    // daemon. In that case staging still belongs to this CLI.
-    if result.as_ref().is_err_and(|err| {
-        err.data()
-            .is_some_and(|data| data["reason"] == "cancelled_before_dispatch")
-    }) {
-        let _ = crate::cli::business_rpc::release_transfers(
-            &info.sock_path,
-            staged.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_str()),
-        );
-    }
     // Once tool.upload is dispatched, staging ownership belongs to the
     // session. A transport timeout cannot prove that Chrome did not attach
     // the file, so releasing here could invalidate a late successful attach.
@@ -126,12 +118,7 @@ pub fn dispatch(args: UploadArgs, format: Format) -> Result<(), CliError> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn stage_file(
+fn stage_file(sock: &Path, session: &str, path: &PathBuf) -> Result<(String, String), CliError> {
-    sock: &Path,
-    session: &str,
-    path: &PathBuf,
-    staged: &mut Vec<(String, String)>,
-) -> Result<(), CliError> {
     let mut file = File::open(path)
         .with_context(|| format!("open upload file {}", path.display()))
         .map_err(CliError::Local)?;
@@ -162,39 +149,55 @@ fn stage_file(
         }),
         Duration::from_secs(10),
     )?;
-    // Record ownership immediately so one error path releases both completed
+    let staged = (|| {
-    // files and the current partially staged file.
+        let mut offset = 0u64;
-    staged.push((begin.transfer_id.clone(), name));
+        let mut buf = vec![0u8; begin.chunk_size as usize];
-    let mut offset = 0u64;
+        loop {
-    let mut buf = vec![0u8; begin.chunk_size as usize];
+            let n = file.read(&mut buf).map_err(|e| CliError::Local(e.into()))?;
-    loop {
+            if n == 0 {
-        let n = file.read(&mut buf).map_err(|e| CliError::Local(e.into()))?;
+                break;
-        if n == 0 {
+            }
-            break;
+            let reply: TransferChunkResult = crate::cli::business_rpc::call(
+                sock.to_path_buf(),
+                "transfer-chunk",
+                Method::TransferChunk,
+                Some(TransferChunkParams {
+                    transfer_id: begin.transfer_id.clone(),
+                    offset,
+                    data_base64: base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(&buf[..n]),
+                }),
+                Duration::from_secs(30),
+            )?;
+            offset = reply.next_offset;
         }
-        let reply: TransferChunkResult = crate::cli::business_rpc::call(
+        let _: TransferReadyResult = crate::cli::business_rpc::call(
             sock.to_path_buf(),
-            "transfer-chunk",
+            "transfer-finish",
-            Method::TransferChunk,
+            Method::TransferFinish,
-            Some(TransferChunkParams {
+            Some(TransferIdParams {
                 transfer_id: begin.transfer_id.clone(),
-                offset,
-                data_base64: base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(&buf[..n]),
             }),
-            Duration::from_secs(30),
+            Duration::from_secs(10),
         )?;
-        offset = reply.next_offset;
+        Ok::<_, CliError>(())
+    })();
+    if let Err(err) = staged {
+        let _ = release(sock, &begin.transfer_id);
+        return Err(err);
     }
-    let _: TransferReadyResult = crate::cli::business_rpc::call(
+    Ok((begin.transfer_id, name))
+}
+
+fn release(sock: &Path, id: &str) -> Result<TransferReleaseResult, CliError> {
+    crate::cli::business_rpc::call(
         sock.to_path_buf(),
-        "transfer-finish",
+        "transfer-release",
-        Method::TransferFinish,
+        Method::TransferRelease,
         Some(TransferIdParams {
-            transfer_id: begin.transfer_id.clone(),
+            transfer_id: id.to_string(),
         }),
-        Duration::from_secs(10),
+        Duration::from_secs(5),
-    )?;
+    )
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 fn ipc_timeout(timeout_ms: u32) -> Duration {

crates/bsk-cli/tests/cli_parse.rs

@@ -237,6 +237,29 @@ fn parses_click_count_alias() {
     assert_eq!(args.click_count, 2);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn parses_surface_capture_image_coordinates() {
+    let cli = parse(&[
+        "bsk",
+        "click",
+        "@e1",
+        "--session",
+        "s1",
+        "--capture",
+        "sc_test",
+        "--image-x",
+        "160.5",
+        "--image-y",
+        "-1",
+    ]);
+    let Command::Click(args) = cli.command else {
+        panic!("expected click command");
+    };
+    assert_eq!(args.capture.as_deref(), Some("sc_test"));
+    assert_eq!(args.image_x, Some(160.5));
+    assert_eq!(args.image_y, Some(-1.0));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn parses_hover_with_settle() {
     let cli = parse(&[

crates/bsk-cli/tests/tools_ipc.rs

@@ -238,6 +238,7 @@ async fn screenshot_returns_image_base64_with_dimensions() {
                 height: 600,
                 format: "png".into(),
                 tab_id: 7,
+                capture: None,
                 dialogs: vec![],
             })
             .unwrap(),
@@ -286,6 +287,7 @@ async fn screenshot_forwards_ref_to_extension() {
                 height: 60,
                 format: "png".into(),
                 tab_id: 7,
+                capture: None,
                 dialogs: vec![],
             })
             .unwrap(),

crates/bsk-cli/tests/tools_m7_ipc.rs

@@ -354,6 +354,9 @@ async fn click_round_trips_ref_and_modifiers() {
                 used_selector: None,
                 x: 12.5,
                 y: 34.0,
+                capture_id: None,
+                image_x: None,
+                image_y: None,
                 dialogs: vec![],
             })
             .unwrap(),
@@ -373,6 +376,9 @@ async fn click_round_trips_ref_and_modifiers() {
             click_count: Some(1),
             modifiers: Some(vec![KeyModifier::Ctrl, KeyModifier::Shift]),
             timeout_ms: Some(5_000),
+            capture_id: None,
+            image_x: None,
+            image_y: None,
         },
     )
     .await
@@ -610,6 +616,9 @@ async fn m7_tools_propagate_extension_errors() {
             click_count: None,
             modifiers: None,
             timeout_ms: Some(5_000),
+            capture_id: None,
+            image_x: None,
+            image_y: None,
         },
     )
     .await

crates/bsk-cli/tests/windows_parent_cancel.rs

@@ -1,342 +0,0 @@
-//! Real Windows CLI cancellation, including caller-owned transfer cleanup.
-#![cfg(windows)]
-
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-
-use bsk::daemon::{file_transfer::TransferRegistry, info::DaemonInfo};
-use bsk_protocol::tools::{TransferBeginParams, TransferIdParams};
-use bsk_protocol::{ErrorCode, Frame, Method, ResponseBody, ResponseFrame, RpcError};
-use serde_json::json;
-use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, BufReader};
-use tokio::net::windows::named_pipe::ServerOptions;
-use tokio::process::Command;
-use tokio::sync::{Notify, watch};
-
-fn response<T: serde::Serialize>(result: Result<T, RpcError>) -> ResponseBody {
-    match result {
-        Ok(value) => ResponseBody::Ok(serde_json::to_value(value).unwrap()),
-        Err(err) => ResponseBody::Err(err),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn stdin_close_cancels_business_but_releases_resources_with_a_bounded_budget() {
-    // Resolve the production registry's root before starting any runtime threads.
-    let registry_home = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-    let original_home = std::env::var_os("BSK_HOME");
-    unsafe {
-        std::env::set_var("BSK_HOME", registry_home.path());
-    }
-    let transfers = Arc::new(TransferRegistry::new().unwrap());
-    unsafe {
-        match original_home {
-            Some(value) => std::env::set_var("BSK_HOME", value),
-            None => std::env::remove_var("BSK_HOME"),
-        }
-    }
-    transfers.initialize().unwrap();
-    tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
-        .enable_all()
-        .build()
-        .unwrap()
-        .block_on(exercise(
-            transfers,
-            &registry_home.path().join("run/transfers"),
-        ));
-}
-
-async fn exercise(transfers: Arc<TransferRegistry>, staging_root: &Path) {
-    for mode in [
-        "wait",
-        "upload",
-        "upload-multi",
-        "upload-before-dispatch",
-        "download",
-        "upload-multi-stall",
-        "ordinary",
-    ] {
-        let home = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
-        let pipe_name = format!(r"\\.\pipe\bsk-parent-cancel-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
-        let info = DaemonInfo::now(std::process::id(), (&pipe_name).into(), 0, "0.2.0");
-        std::fs::write(
-            home.path().join("daemon.json"),
-            serde_json::to_vec(&info).unwrap(),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        let mut pipe = ServerOptions::new()
-            .first_pipe_instance(true)
-            .create(&pipe_name)
-            .unwrap();
-        let registered = Arc::new(Notify::new());
-        let pending = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<String>));
-        let ids = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::<String>::new()));
-        let released = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::<String>::new()));
-        let received = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::<Method>::new()));
-        let download_id = if mode == "download" {
-            let staging = transfers.begin_download("fixture").unwrap();
-            let browser_dir = home.path().join("BrowserSkill").join(&staging.transfer_id);
-            std::fs::create_dir_all(&browser_dir).unwrap();
-            let file = browser_dir.join("download.txt");
-            std::fs::write(&file, b"download fixture").unwrap();
-            transfers
-                .import_download(&staging.transfer_id, &file)
-                .unwrap();
-            ids.lock().unwrap().push(staging.transfer_id.clone());
-            Some(staging.transfer_id)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-        let (cancel, cancelled) = watch::channel(false);
-        let ready = Arc::clone(&registered);
-        let name = pipe_name.clone();
-        let registry = Arc::clone(&transfers);
-        let server_ids = Arc::clone(&ids);
-        let server_released = Arc::clone(&released);
-        let server_received = Arc::clone(&received);
-        let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
-            let mut connections = tokio::task::JoinSet::new();
-            loop {
-                pipe.connect().await.unwrap();
-                let next = ServerOptions::new().create(&name).unwrap();
-                let connection = std::mem::replace(&mut pipe, next);
-                let ready = Arc::clone(&ready);
-                let pending = Arc::clone(&pending);
-                let cancel = cancel.clone();
-                let mut cancelled = cancelled.clone();
-                let name = name.clone();
-                let registry = Arc::clone(&registry);
-                let ids = Arc::clone(&server_ids);
-                let released = Arc::clone(&server_released);
-                let received = Arc::clone(&server_received);
-                let download_id = download_id.clone();
-                connections.spawn(async move {
-                    let (read, mut write) = tokio::io::split(connection);
-                    let mut reader = BufReader::new(read);
-                    let mut line = String::new();
-                    while reader.read_line(&mut line).await.unwrap_or(0) > 0 {
-                        let Frame::Request(req) = serde_json::from_str::<Frame>(&line).unwrap()
-                        else {
-                            panic!("expected request");
-                        };
-                        line.clear();
-                        received.lock().unwrap().push(req.method.clone());
-                        let params = req.params.clone().unwrap_or_default();
-                        let body = match req.method {
-                            Method::SystemStatus => ResponseBody::Ok(json!({
-                                "daemon_version": "0.2.0", "protocol_version": "1.1",
-                                "pid": std::process::id(), "uptime_secs": 0,
-                                "ws_port": 0, "sock_path": name,
-                                "browsers": [], "sessions": [], "version_skew_browsers": []
-                            })),
-                            Method::TransferBegin => {
-                                let begin = registry
-                                    .begin_upload(serde_json::from_value(params).unwrap())
-                                    .unwrap();
-                                ids.lock().unwrap().push(begin.transfer_id.clone());
-                                response(Ok(begin))
-                            }
-                            Method::ToolDownload => ResponseBody::Ok(json!({
-                                "tab_id": 1, "suggested_filename": "download.txt",
-                                "byte_size": 16, "transfer_id": download_id,
-                            })),
-                            Method::ToolWaitMs if mode == "ordinary" => {
-                                ResponseBody::Ok(json!({"waited_ms": 1}))
-                            }
-                            Method::TransferChunk
-                                if mode == "upload-before-dispatch"
-                                    || (mode.contains("multi")
-                                        && ids.lock().unwrap().len() == 1) =>
-                            {
-                                response(
-                                    registry.write_chunk(serde_json::from_value(params).unwrap()),
-                                )
-                            }
-                            Method::TransferFinish if mode != "upload-before-dispatch" => response(
-                                registry.finish_upload(serde_json::from_value(params).unwrap()),
-                            ),
-                            Method::ToolWaitMs
-                            | Method::TransferChunk
-                            | Method::TransferRead
-                            | Method::TransferFinish => {
-                                *pending.lock().unwrap() = Some(req.id.clone());
-                                ready.notify_one();
-                                cancelled.wait_for(|value| *value).await.unwrap();
-                                if mode == "upload-before-dispatch" {
-                                    // Finish won the race with cancellation, but tool.upload must
-                                    // not be dispatched and the CLI still owns the staging.
-                                    response(
-                                        registry
-                                            .finish_upload(serde_json::from_value(params).unwrap()),
-                                    )
-                                } else {
-                                    ResponseBody::Err(RpcError {
-                                        code: ErrorCode::Cancelled,
-                                        message: "parent cancellation reached daemon".into(),
-                                        data: None,
-                                    })
-                                }
-                            }
-                            Method::Cancel => {
-                                let target = params["rpc_id"].as_str().unwrap();
-                                assert_eq!(pending.lock().unwrap().as_deref(), Some(target));
-                                cancel.send(true).unwrap();
-                                ResponseBody::Ok(json!({"cancelled": true}))
-                            }
-                            Method::TransferRelease => {
-                                let params: TransferIdParams =
-                                    serde_json::from_value(params).unwrap();
-                                released.lock().unwrap().push(params.transfer_id.clone());
-                                if mode.contains("stall") {
-                                    std::future::pending::<()>().await;
-                                }
-                                response(Ok(registry.release(params)))
-                            }
-                            other => panic!("unexpected request after cancellation: {other:?}"),
-                        };
-                        let response = Frame::Response(ResponseFrame { id: req.id, body });
-                        let mut bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&response).unwrap();
-                        bytes.push(b'\n');
-                        if write.write_all(&bytes).await.is_err() {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-        });
-
-        let mut cmd = Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_bsk"));
-        cmd.env("BSK_HOME", home.path())
-            .env("BSK_AUTO_UPDATE", "off")
-            .env_remove("BSK_CANCEL_ON_STDIN_CLOSE")
-            .stdout(std::process::Stdio::piped())
-            .stderr(std::process::Stdio::piped())
-            .creation_flags(0x0800_0000)
-            .kill_on_drop(true);
-        if mode.starts_with("upload") {
-            let source = home.path().join("upload.txt");
-            // Declare 300 MiB without allocating or transferring that much data.
-            std::fs::File::create(&source)
-                .unwrap()
-                .set_len(if mode == "upload-before-dispatch" {
-                    16
-                } else {
-                    300 * 1024 * 1024
-                })
-                .unwrap();
-            cmd.args(["upload", "--session", "fixture", "--selector", "input"]);
-            if mode.contains("multi") {
-                let first = home.path().join("first.txt");
-                std::fs::write(&first, b"first file").unwrap();
-                cmd.arg("--file").arg(first);
-            }
-            cmd.arg("--file").arg(source);
-        } else if mode == "download" {
-            let out = home.path().join("out.txt");
-            std::fs::write(&out, b"existing output").unwrap();
-            cmd.args([
-                "download",
-                "--session",
-                "fixture",
-                "--selector",
-                "a",
-                "--overwrite",
-                "--out",
-            ])
-            .arg(out);
-        } else {
-            cmd.args(["wait-ms", if mode == "ordinary" { "1ms" } else { "60s" }]);
-        }
-        cmd.arg("--json");
-        if mode == "ordinary" {
-            cmd.stdin(std::process::Stdio::null());
-        } else {
-            cmd.env("BSK_CANCEL_ON_STDIN_CLOSE", "1")
-                .stdin(std::process::Stdio::piped());
-        }
-        let mut child = cmd.spawn().unwrap();
-        if mode != "ordinary" {
-            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), registered.notified())
-                .await
-                .expect("CLI registered business RPC");
-            child
-                .stdin
-                .as_mut()
-                .unwrap()
-                .write_all(b"still connected")
-                .await
-                .unwrap();
-            drop(child.stdin.take());
-        }
-        let start = Instant::now();
-        let output = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(8), child.wait_with_output())
-            .await
-            .expect("CLI must settle promptly, including cleanup")
-            .unwrap();
-        server.abort();
-        let _ = server.await;
-        assert_eq!(
-            output.status.code(),
-            Some(if mode == "ordinary" { 0 } else { 2 }),
-            "{mode}: stdout={} stderr={}",
-            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
-            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
-        );
-        if mode != "ordinary" {
-            let body: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(body["code"], "cancelled");
-            if mode != "upload-before-dispatch" {
-                assert_eq!(body["message"], "parent cancellation reached daemon");
-            }
-            let received = received.lock().unwrap();
-            let cancel = received.iter().position(|m| *m == Method::Cancel).unwrap();
-            assert!(
-                received[cancel + 1..]
-                    .iter()
-                    .all(|m| *m == Method::TransferRelease),
-                "only cleanup may follow cancellation: {received:?}"
-            );
-        }
-        let ids = ids.lock().unwrap();
-        if mode.contains("stall") {
-            assert_eq!(released.lock().unwrap().len(), 1);
-            assert!(start.elapsed() >= Duration::from_secs(4));
-            // The CLI cannot force an unresponsive daemon to clean up.
-            transfers.release_session("fixture");
-        } else {
-            assert_eq!(
-                *released.lock().unwrap(),
-                *ids,
-                "{mode}: every allocation must be released"
-            );
-            for id in ids.iter() {
-                assert!(!staging_root.join(id).exists(), "staging leaked: {id}");
-            }
-            if mode.starts_with("upload") {
-                let retry = transfers
-                    .begin_upload(TransferBeginParams {
-                        session_id: "fixture".into(),
-                        name: "retry.txt".into(),
-                        byte_size: 300 * 1024 * 1024,
-                    })
-                    .expect("same session must have room for another 300 MiB upload");
-                transfers.release(TransferIdParams {
-                    transfer_id: retry.transfer_id,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-        if mode == "download" {
-            assert_eq!(
-                std::fs::read(home.path().join("out.txt")).unwrap(),
-                b"existing output"
-            );
-            assert!(
-                !std::fs::read_dir(home.path())
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .flatten()
-                    .any(|entry| entry.file_name().to_string_lossy().ends_with(".part"))
-            );
-        }
-    }
-}

crates/bsk-protocol/schema/tool_click_params.json

@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@
         }
       ]
     },
+    "capture_id": {
+      "description": "Short-lived capture id returned by a visual Surface screenshot.",
+      "type": [
+        "string",
+        "null"
+      ]
+    },
     "click_count": {
       "description": "Number of consecutive mouse presses (double-click = 2).",
       "type": [
@@ -25,6 +32,22 @@
       "format": "uint32",
       "minimum": 1.0
     },
+    "image_x": {
+      "description": "X coordinate in the capture image's pixel coordinate space.",
+      "type": [
+        "number",
+        "null"
+      ],
+      "format": "double"
+    },
+    "image_y": {
+      "description": "Y coordinate in the capture image's pixel coordinate space.",
+      "type": [
+        "number",
+        "null"
+      ],
+      "format": "double"
+    },
     "modifiers": {
       "type": [
         "array",

crates/bsk-protocol/schema/tool_click_result.json

@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@
     "y"
   ],
   "properties": {
+    "capture_id": {
+      "type": [
+        "string",
+        "null"
+      ]
+    },
     "dialogs": {
       "description": "Native JS dialogs observed and auto-handled during this call.",
       "type": "array",
@@ -15,6 +21,20 @@
         "$ref": "#/definitions/JavaScriptDialogInfo"
       }
     },
+    "image_x": {
+      "type": [
+        "number",
+        "null"
+      ],
+      "format": "double"
+    },
+    "image_y": {
+      "type": [
+        "number",
+        "null"
+      ],
+      "format": "double"
+    },
     "tab_id": {
       "type": "integer",
       "format": "int64"

crates/bsk-protocol/schema/tool_screenshot_result.json

@@ -8,6 +8,16 @@
     "tab_id"
   ],
   "properties": {
+    "capture": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/SurfaceCaptureInfo"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "null"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     "dialogs": {
       "type": "array",
       "items": {
@@ -109,6 +119,31 @@
         "prompt",
         "beforeunload"
       ]
+    },
+    "SurfaceCaptureInfo": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "coordinate_space",
+        "expires_at",
+        "id",
+        "surface_ref"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "coordinate_space": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "expires_at": {
+          "type": "integer",
+          "format": "uint64",
+          "minimum": 0.0
+        },
+        "id": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "surface_ref": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
 }

crates/bsk-protocol/src/tools/interaction.rs

@@ -67,6 +67,15 @@ pub struct ClickParams {
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     #[schemars(range(min = 1))]
     pub timeout_ms: Option<u32>,
+    /// Short-lived capture id returned by a visual Surface screenshot.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub capture_id: Option<String>,
+    /// X coordinate in the capture image's pixel coordinate space.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub image_x: Option<f64>,
+    /// Y coordinate in the capture image's pixel coordinate space.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub image_y: Option<f64>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
@@ -80,6 +89,12 @@ pub struct ClickResult {
     /// agents can correlate with a follow-up `tool.screenshot`.
     pub x: f64,
     pub y: f64,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub capture_id: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub image_x: Option<f64>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub image_y: Option<f64>,
     /// Native JS dialogs observed and auto-handled during this call.
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
     pub dialogs: Vec<JavaScriptDialogInfo>,
@@ -288,6 +303,9 @@ mod tests {
             click_count: Some(1),
             modifiers: Some(vec![KeyModifier::Ctrl]),
             timeout_ms: Some(5_000),
+            capture_id: Some("sc_test".into()),
+            image_x: Some(160.0),
+            image_y: Some(90.0),
         };
         let v = serde_json::to_value(&p).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(v.get("ref").and_then(|v| v.as_str()), Some("@e3"));

crates/bsk-protocol/src/tools/observation.rs

@@ -233,10 +233,20 @@ pub struct ScreenshotResult {
     /// Always `"png"` in v0.1; reserved for future JPEG / WebP support.
     pub format: String,
     pub tab_id: i64,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub capture: Option<SurfaceCaptureInfo>,
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
     pub dialogs: Vec<JavaScriptDialogInfo>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+pub struct SurfaceCaptureInfo {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub surface_ref: String,
+    pub coordinate_space: String,
+    pub expires_at: u64,
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -318,6 +328,12 @@ mod tests {
             height: 600,
             format: "png".into(),
             tab_id: 7,
+            capture: Some(SurfaceCaptureInfo {
+                id: "sc_test".into(),
+                surface_ref: "@e3".into(),
+                coordinate_space: "capture-image-pixel".into(),
+                expires_at: 1_700_000_030_000,
+            }),
             dialogs: vec![],
         };
         let v = serde_json::to_value(&r).unwrap();

install.ps1

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ $ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
 
 $Repo = if ($env:BSK_REPO) { $env:BSK_REPO } else { "Tencent/BrowserSkill" }
 $InstallDir = if ($env:BSK_INSTALL_DIR) { $env:BSK_INSTALL_DIR } else { Join-Path $HOME ".local\bin" }
-$InstallDir = $ExecutionContext.SessionState.Path.GetUnresolvedProviderPathFromPSPath($InstallDir)
 $GitHub = "https://github.com/${Repo}"
 
 function Write-Log {
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ function Get-PlatformTriple {
 function Add-ToUserPath {
     param([string]$Dir)
 
-    $currentUserPath = @([Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", "User") -split ";" | Where-Object { $_ })
+    $currentUserPath = [Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", "User") -split ";" | Where-Object { $_ }
 
     if ($currentUserPath -contains $Dir) {
         Write-Log "$Dir is already in your user PATH"
@@ -91,59 +90,30 @@ function Add-ToSessionPath {
 # ── Git Bash (bash environment) PATH helper ──────────────────────────────────
 
 function Add-ToBashProfile {
-    param([string]$Dir, [string]$BashRc = (Join-Path $HOME ".bashrc"))
+    param([string]$Dir)
 
     # Convert Windows path (e.g. C:\Users\foo\.local\bin) to Git-Bash Unix-style (/c/Users/foo/.local/bin)
     $unixPath = $Dir -replace '\\', '/'
     if ($unixPath -match '^([A-Z]):(.*)$') {
         $unixPath = '/' + $matches[1].ToLower() + $matches[2]
     }
-    # Single-quote the literal directory; only the existing PATH is expanded.
+    $bashRc = Join-Path $HOME ".bashrc"
-    $shellQuote = "'" + [char]34 + "'" + [char]34 + "'"
+    $exportLine = "export PATH=""${unixPath}:`$PATH""  # bsk CLI"
-    $quotedPath = "'" + $unixPath.Replace("'", $shellQuote) + "'"
-    $exportLine = "export PATH=${quotedPath}:`"`$PATH`"  # bsk CLI"
 
-    if (Test-Path -LiteralPath $BashRc) {
+    if (Test-Path $bashRc) {
-        $content = [System.IO.File]::ReadAllText($BashRc)
+        $content = Get-Content $bashRc -Raw -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
-        if ($content.Contains($exportLine)) {
+        if ($content -match [regex]::Escape($unixPath)) {
             Write-Log "$unixPath is already in ~/.bashrc"
             return
         }
     }
 
-    # Explicit BOM-less UTF-8 also works in Windows PowerShell 5.1.
+    Add-Content $bashRc "`n$exportLine" -Encoding ASCII
-    [System.IO.File]::AppendAllText($BashRc, "`n$exportLine`n", (New-Object System.Text.UTF8Encoding($false)))
     Write-Log "added ${unixPath} to ~/.bashrc"
 }
 
 # ── Main ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-# Stage on the destination volume before stopping the daemon. Never truncate
-# the installed executable: failed replacement must leave it usable.
-function Install-Binary {
-    param([string]$Source, [string]$Target)
-
-    $staged = "$Target.install-$([Guid]::NewGuid().ToString('N'))"
-    try {
-        [System.IO.File]::Copy($Source, $staged)
-        if ([System.IO.File]::Exists($Target)) {
-            # Use the downloaded CLI: older versions have broken Windows
-            # liveness checks. Stop verifies daemon identity before terminating it.
-            & $Source daemon stop
-            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "could not stop bsk daemon; existing installation was not replaced" }
-            # PowerShell 5.1 converts $null to an empty path for string parameters.
-            [System.IO.File]::Replace($staged, $Target, [NullString]::Value)
-            Write-Log "daemon will restart automatically on the next browser command"
-        }
-        else {
-            [System.IO.File]::Move($staged, $Target)
-        }
-    }
-    finally {
-        if ([System.IO.File]::Exists($staged)) { [System.IO.File]::Delete($staged) }
-    }
-}
-
 function Main {
     $platform = Get-PlatformTriple
 
@@ -214,7 +184,7 @@ function Main {
             New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $InstallDir -Force | Out-Null
         }
 
-        Install-Binary -Source (Join-Path $tempDir "bsk.exe") -Target (Join-Path $InstallDir "bsk.exe")
+        Copy-Item -Path (Join-Path $tempDir "bsk.exe") -Destination (Join-Path $InstallDir "bsk.exe") -Force
 
         Write-Log "installed bsk to $InstallDir\bsk.exe"
 
@@ -229,8 +199,12 @@ function Main {
 
         # Verify
         $bskPath = Join-Path $InstallDir "bsk.exe"
-        & $bskPath --version
+        if (Get-Command bsk -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) {
-        if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "installed bsk failed verification" }
+            & bsk --version
+        }
+        else {
+            Write-Log "verify install: & ""$bskPath"" --version"
+        }
 
         Write-Log "done"
         Write-Host ""

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/README.md

@@ -1,51 +1,13 @@
-# BrowserSkill for DeepSeek Harness
+# dsh-plugin-browserskill
 
-[![npm version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin)
+npm: [`@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin)
 
-Use [BrowserSkill](https://github.com/Tencent/BrowserSkill) in
+A [DeepSeek Harness](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness) (dsh) tool plugin that exposes
-[DeepSeek Harness](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness) (`dsh`) to browse
+[BrowserSkill](https://github.com/Tencent/BrowserSkill) (`bsk`) browser automation to the model.
-websites, fill forms, and capture screenshots through native `browser_*` tools.
-Browser tasks run in Agent Windows, with a live view in the dsh Web UI.
 
-## Installation
+Each action maps to one `bsk <cmd> --json` invocation: the plugin spawns the bsk CLI, parses its
-
+structured JSON output, and returns a canonical typed value. The bsk daemon, browser, and browser
-Before installing the plugin:
+extension keep owning the actual browser control — this package is a thin, well-typed bridge.
-
-- Install [DeepSeek Harness](https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness) and
-  [pnpm](https://pnpm.io/installation), which dsh uses to manage plugins.
-- Install the `bsk` CLI and connect the BrowserSkill extension in Chrome or Edge.
-  Follow the [BrowserSkill setup guide](https://github.com/Tencent/BrowserSkill#quick-start).
-- Make sure `bsk` is on the `PATH` used to start dsh, or set `bskPath` in the plugin configuration.
-
-Install the plugin into the `web` profile, then start it:
-
-```sh
-dsh plugin --profile web add @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin
-dsh --profile web
-```
-
-Replace `web` with your profile name if you use a different profile. The plugin
-includes the `browser-skill` skill; no separate `bsk install-skill` step is needed.
-
-In a conversation, try:
-
-```text
-/browser-skill open example.com and summarize the page.
-```
-
-By default, the browser tools become available when the skill is invoked.
-
-## Updating
-
-Installed plugins do not update automatically. To upgrade this plugin to npm's
-`latest` version, including versions outside the profile's saved dependency range:
-
-```sh
-dsh plugin --profile web update @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin --latest
-```
-
-Restart that dsh profile after upgrading. This command updates the plugin; update
-the `bsk` CLI and browser extension separately when a release requires it.
 
 ## Tools
 
@@ -58,7 +20,23 @@ the `bsk` CLI and browser extension separately when a release requires it.
 | `browser_tabs` | `list`, `create`, `select`, `close`, `borrow`, `return` | Manage Agent Window tabs and temporarily borrow user tabs. |
 | `browser_assist` | `resize`, `emulate`, `request-help` | Resize or emulate the browser and pause for human-only steps. |
 
-Arbitrary page-script evaluation and interaction recording are not supported.
+`bsk evaluate` and `bsk record` are intentionally not exposed by this plugin: arbitrary page
+evaluation is a higher-risk capability, while recording is long-running and needs a dedicated
+DeepSeek Harness lifecycle before it can be added safely.
+
+## Agent skill (progressive disclosure)
+
+Beyond the tools, the plugin publishes the **`browser-skill` agent skill** through the harness's
+official skill seam (`ctx.skills.register`): the catalog entry (name + routing description) is
+resident in `<available_skills>`, and the body is loaded only when the model invokes the `skill`
+tool. Its single source is the DSH-specific `skill/SKILL.md`, which documents only structured
+`browser_*` calls and their plugin semantics. The repository-root CLI skill is intentionally not
+concatenated: its command examples belong to a different execution interface and would bypass
+the plugin's ownership, live observation UI, cancellation, and cleanup path if followed directly.
+The build rejects internal CLI-name leakage, command-line code blocks, unknown browser tools, and
+missing supported browser tools before embedding the Markdown. Registration and every pre-step
+catalog snapshot are pure in-memory reads (no disk/process/daemon); compositions without the skill
+seam degrade silently.
 
 ## Multi-session model
 
@@ -77,73 +55,136 @@ an explicit `session` argument naming a foreign or unknown id is rejected, the `
 `browser_session` shows plugin-created sessions only (no daemon-wide view), and stop/unload cleanup
 can never touch a session owned by another program.
 
-## Configuration
+## Installation
 
-After installing the plugin, edit your profile's `cordis.patch.yml`. For the `web`
+The plugin follows the standard dsh bundle layout (`dsh.bundle` manifest + `cordis.patch.yml`):
-profile, the default location is `~/.dsh/profiles/web/cordis.patch.yml`. If you set
-`DSH_HOME`, use `$DSH_HOME/profiles/web/cordis.patch.yml` instead. Replace `web` with
-your profile name as needed.
 
-If the file contains only comments and `[]`, keep the comments and replace `[]`
+```sh
-with the YAML below. If it already contains patch entries, add this entry to the
+dsh plugin --profile <name> add @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin
-existing list or edit its existing `id: browserskill` entry. Keep a single
+dsh --profile <name>
-top-level YAML list. This overrides the plugin registered by the installed bundle:
-
-```yaml
-- id: browserskill
-  config:
-    bskPath: bsk
-    defaultTimeoutMs: 120000
-    maxSessions: 5
-    observationEnabled: true
-    thumbnailIntervalMs: 1500
-    idleIntervalMs: 8000
-    lazyTools: true
 ```
 
-Change `bskPath` to the full path of your CLI binary if it is not on dsh's `PATH`.
+Prerequisite: the `bsk` CLI must be installed and on `PATH`, and the BrowserSkill browser extension
-A patch replaces the entry's entire `config` object, so keep all overrides you need
+(Chrome or Edge) must be connected — see the
-together in that object.
+[BrowserSkill README](https://github.com/Tencent/BrowserSkill). When bsk is missing, tool calls fail
+with install guidance instead of a bare spawn error.
 
-Configuration changes follow `dsh.profile.patchReload` in the profile's
+## Configuration
-`package.json`: `live` (the default for `web`) applies changes when you save the
-patch file; `startup` requires restarting the profile. Restart after upgrading
-the plugin in either case.
 
-All fields are optional; omitted fields use the defaults below:
+All fields are optional and validated through the plugin's Schemastery `Config`:
 
-| Option | Default | Purpose |
+```yaml
-| --- | --- | --- |
+# cordis.patch.yml override example
-| `bskPath` | `bsk` | Path to the CLI binary. |
+- insert:
-| `defaultTimeoutMs` | `120000` | Default command timeout in milliseconds. |
+    - id: browserskill
-| `maxSessions` | `5` | Maximum concurrent sessions started by this plugin. |
+      name: "@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin"
-| `observationEnabled` | `true` | Enable live browser observation. |
+      config:
-| `thumbnailIntervalMs` | `1500` | Screenshot interval for active sessions, in milliseconds. |
+        bskPath: bsk          # path to the bsk binary (default: resolve from PATH)
-| `idleIntervalMs` | `8000` | Screenshot interval for idle sessions and the recent-activity window, in milliseconds. |
+        defaultTimeoutMs: 120000
-| `lazyTools` | `true` | Reveal the browser tools when the skill is invoked. Set `false` to register them at startup. |
+        maxSessions: 5
+        # observationEnabled: true     # live PiP/overlay observation (below)
+        # thumbnailIntervalMs: 1500    # frame cadence while a session is active
+        # idleIntervalMs: 8000         # idle cadence / recent-activity window
+        # lazyTools: true              # reveal browser_* tools only after the skill is invoked
+```
 
-With `lazyTools: true`, only the skill's catalog entry is initially advertised to
+- **`lazyTools` (default `true`)** — the final progressive-disclosure stage: the six
-the model. The six `browser_*` tool schemas are added to the system prompt after
+  `browser_*` tool schemas stay OUT of the system prompt (zero schema tokens) until the
-the `browser-skill` skill is successfully invoked, either by the model or through
+  `browser-skill` skill is actually invoked — the skill catalog entry is the only
-`/browser-skill`. Set `lazyTools: false` to make the tools available immediately.
+  advertisement. One successful invocation (model tool call, or a `/browser-skill` user
+  gesture) registers the whole suite for the rest of the process; repeated invocations are
+  no-ops, and sessions resumed with a past invocation in their durable log reveal the suite
+  on entry. Set `false` for the legacy always-on registration.
 
-## Live browser view
+## Observation overlay (PiP mini-window)
 
-The dsh Web UI shows the plugin's browser sessions in a floating panel. If your
+When the plugin runs inside the dsh Web UI, an **observation overlay** floats over the app
-profile provides the `dsh-better-sidebar` integration, the view appears in a
+(registered into the `shell.overlay` seat): a breathing thumbnail per owned session plus its
-**Browser Skill** sidebar tab instead.
+current action and elapsed time. The card docks at the top-right of the content area (clear of
+the composer and the shell's header controls) and wears the **BrowserSkill product family's own
+look**: the overlay reuses `@browser-skill/ui` components (`Button`, `cn`) and its oklch design
+tokens (`--card`, `--primary`, `--destructive`, `--ring`, …), status dots spec'd after the
+extension popup's connection indicator, and Remix icons. The BSK utility sheet is compiled
+scoped under the `.bsk-obs` root class (`scripts/build-client-css.mjs`), so the overlay looks
+like the BrowserSkill extension without leaking a single selector into the host shell — and the
+shell's theme cannot bleed back in.
 
-- See the current action, elapsed time, and recent screenshot for each session.
+- **Lifecycle**: hidden while the plugin owns no sessions; appears on the first
-- Select a session to focus on it. The sidebar view follows the current conversation.
+  `browser_session` start action; disappears when all sessions stop (or the plugin unloads).
-- Use **Interrupt** to cancel the current browser command. The agent may continue
+- **Focus view**: status row (green/idle/red dot + session + action + mm:ss), the latest page
-  with another action afterward.
+  frame (while viewed, refreshes every ~1.5s while active, ~8s when idle; the last good frame stays on
-- Drag or resize the floating panel, or use **Pop out** to open a Picture-in-Picture
+  stage while the next one loads, and is kept on errors so the card does not flash),
-  window in browsers that support it.
+  and a compact icon toolbar (Interrupt + Pop out, hover for the label).
-- Periodic screenshots are requested while a browser observation view is visible.
+- **Interrupt**: one click kills the in-flight bsk command of the focus session (same semantics
-  Configure the active and idle intervals with the options above.
+  as the chat Stop button — the current action fails, the agent run may continue). Strip items
+  carry their own hover interrupt button.
+- **Multi-session strip**: every session gets a tile (mini frame + id + status dot); focus
+  auto-follows the most recently active session; clicking a tile pins focus (pin badge, click
+  again to release); errored sessions get a red edge without stealing focus; sessions the daemon
+  lost are greyed out; prolonged daemon/browser outage shows "browser unavailable" and greys
+  the interrupt button until captures recover.
+- **Drag & resize**: drag the header to move the card; drag any of the four
+  corners to resize (min 240×180, max 80% of the viewport; no visible grip).
+  Both are remembered for the page lifetime.
+- **Pop out (PiP)**: upgrades the card into a native Document PiP window (requires a user
+  gesture, per browser rules), sized from the current card; closing the PiP falls back to the
+  in-page card with state intact. Browsers without Document PiP simply hide the button.
+- **Screenshot demand**: the client requests periodic screenshots while an observation view is
+  visible, using the PiP document's visibility when popped out. Hidden or collapsed views can
+  keep subscribing to state without requesting screenshots. The first screenshot subscriber
+  starts capture scheduling; the last one's departure cancels timers and skips queued captures.
+  An already running capture may finish. Demand applies to the service's owned sessions, not just
+  the selected session.
+- **Wire**: `GET /bsk-observation/events` is the live synchronization channel (SSE). Every connection,
+  including reconnects, starts with `{ type: "snapshot", sessions, available }`, followed by
+  `upsert`, `remove`, `reset`, and `availability` events on the same stream. Replace local state
+  with each snapshot before applying subsequent events. Use `?thumbnails=0` for state-only
+  subscriptions or `?thumbnails=1` to request screenshots; omitting the parameter defaults to
+  requesting screenshots for compatibility. Closing the stream releases its screenshot demand.
+  `GET /bsk-observation/state` remains a one-time `{ sessions, available }` read and does not
+  request screenshots. It has no ordering guarantee relative to a separate SSE connection;
+  live clients should initialize and resynchronize from the stream's snapshot instead.
+  The host also serves `POST /bsk-observation/interrupt`, `POST /bsk-observation/stop`, and
+  `GET /bsk-observation/thumbnail/<attachmentId>` through the dsh `webServer` route seam
+  (dsh 0.1's Typert Remote pipeline is closed to out-of-tree packages). All commands for one
+  session — tool calls and frame captures alike — run through a per-session FIFO, because the
+  daemon accepts only one unfinished command per session.
+- **Programmatic subscription**: `ObservationService.subscribe(listener, { thumbnails: false })`
+  subscribes to state without requesting screenshots. On an active service, the listener receives
+  the initial `snapshot` synchronously, before `subscribe` returns, then receives subsequent
+  changes. `thumbnails` defaults to `true`, so callers should choose it explicitly. The returned
+  unsubscribe function is safe to call repeatedly and releases this subscription's screenshot
+  demand. Subscribing after service disposal is a no-op.
+- **Trust model**: these routes expose live screenshots (and an interrupt write), so they
+  replicate the browser-trust fence dsh applies to its own `/api` routes: the request Host
+  must be a loopback authority (`localhost`, `127.0.0.0/8`, `[::1]`), a present Origin must
+  match the Host, `sec-fetch-site: cross-site` is refused, and POST requires an
+  `application/json` body (cross-site simple requests can never satisfy that). The channel is
+  therefore built for **loopback-only serving** — binding the dsh web server to `0.0.0.0` and
+  reaching it through a LAN address will (deliberately) fail the fence; do not put these
+  routes behind a non-loopback reverse proxy without adding your own authentication.
+- Configure with `observationEnabled` / `thumbnailIntervalMs` / `idleIntervalMs`.
 
-The observation endpoints require a loopback address such as `localhost` or
+## Behavior notes
-`127.0.0.1`. Access through a LAN hostname or non-loopback reverse proxy is not supported.
+
+- **Cancellation**: aborting a tool call (`exec.signal`) kills the underlying bsk child process,
+  matching BrowserSkill's cooperative tool-cancellation model.
+- **UI cards**: calls render as terminal cards (command line as title, output as the completed
+  card). Screenshots additionally attach the image itself when the host mounts an attachment store
+  and the active model route declares image input; otherwise the PNG path is returned.
+- **Web UI toolview (browser half)**: the package is dual-face. `dsh.client` (platform `web`) ships
+  `lib/client.cjs`, which registers a keyed `tool.call.toolview` view for `browser_inspect`. The
+  custom view keeps a terminal block for every inspect action and, when a screenshot result carries
+  an image block, resolves the durable attachment through the client session's authorized
+  `readAttachment` RPC and renders it with the shared `MessageImage` thumbnail/lightbox atoms.
+  The other five tools keep the stock terminal card. The bundle follows the dsh client
+  contract: a CJS closure factory handed to `window.__ModuleLoader__.load`, platform modules
+  (`react`, `dsh-client-ui-*`) external, everything else inlined, CSS Modules compiled by
+  lightningcss.
+- **Errors**: non-zero bsk exits surface the CLI's JSON error envelope (`code`, `message`, `hint`)
+  so the model gets the daemon's actionable guidance.
+- **Long-running work** (e.g. `bsk record`) is not backgrounded via `ctx.jobs` yet — tracked as a
+  follow-up.
 
 ## Development
 
@@ -154,47 +195,22 @@ pnpm --filter @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin test     # unit tests mock b
 pnpm --filter @wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin build    # tsdown -> lib/
 ```
 
-See the [development notes](https://github.com/Tencent/BrowserSkill/blob/main/packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/docs/development.md)
-for skill registration, tool results, and observation APIs in the current source.
-
 ## Publishing
 
-The [Release dsh plugin workflow](https://github.com/Tencent/BrowserSkill/blob/main/.github/workflows/release-dsh-plugin.yml)
+The GitHub Actions workflow **Release dsh plugin** publishes this package to npm
-publishes the package and this README to npm. Pushing a `dsh-plugin-vX.Y.Z` tag
+as `@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin`. The Cordis plugin id, client
-triggers it; ordinary commits to `main` do not.
+bundle registration, and `cordis.patch.yml` name are the same specifier so
+dsh can import and materialize the plugin without a ModuleLoader id mismatch.
 
-1. Commit this README and any other changes intended for the release.
+Trigger it by pushing a tag that matches `package.json`'s `version`:
-2. From the repository root, run the
-   [release script](https://github.com/Tencent/BrowserSkill/blob/main/scripts/release.mjs)
-   with a new stable version, replacing `<version>` below. The script updates the
-   CLI, extension, and DSH plugin versions, commits the version changes, and creates
-   their release tags:
 
-   ```sh
+```sh
-   node scripts/release.mjs <version>
+git tag dsh-plugin-v0.1.2
-   ```
+git push origin dsh-plugin-v0.1.2
+```
 
-3. Push the version commit to the release branch, then push the DSH plugin tag
+Or run the workflow from the Actions tab (`workflow_dispatch`). The job reads the
-   created by the script, using the same `<version>`:
+`NPM_TOKEN` secret from the `npm-publish` GitHub Environment.
-
-   ```sh
-   git push origin HEAD
-   git push origin dsh-plugin-v<version>
-   ```
-
-   This publishes the DSH plugin. Push the CLI and extension tags separately when
-   those components are ready for release.
-
-The workflow checks the version, runs typechecks and tests, builds the package,
-and publishes it to npm.
-
-You can also run the workflow manually from GitHub Actions on the intended release
-ref. Both triggers require an unpublished version and the `NPM_TOKEN` secret in the
-`npm-publish` GitHub Environment.
-
-npm updates the package README only when a new version is published, including
-for documentation-only changes. Published versions cannot be overwritten. See
-[npm's README update rules](https://docs.npmjs.com/about-package-readme-files/).
 
 ## License
 

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/docs/development.md

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-# DSH plugin development notes
-
-For installation, usage, and configuration, see the [plugin README](../README.md).
-These notes describe the current source on this branch; a published npm version may
-not include later changes.
-
-## Tool execution
-
-The plugin runs the `bsk` CLI and parses its JSON output. The daemon and browser
-extension perform the browser operations. The published package name is also the
-Cordis plugin id, client bundle registration id, and `cordis.patch.yml` plugin name.
-Keep these identifiers aligned so dsh can load both halves of the plugin.
-
-## Agent skill
-
-Beyond the tools, the plugin publishes the **`browser-skill` agent skill** through the harness's
-official skill seam (`ctx.skills.register`): the catalog entry (name + routing description) is
-resident in `<available_skills>`, and the body is loaded only when the model invokes the `skill`
-tool. Its single source is the DSH-specific `skill/SKILL.md`, which documents only structured
-`browser_*` calls and their plugin semantics. The repository-root CLI skill is intentionally not
-concatenated: its command examples belong to a different execution interface and would bypass
-the plugin's ownership, live observation UI, cancellation, and cleanup path if followed directly.
-The build rejects internal CLI-name leakage, command-line code blocks, unknown browser tools, and
-missing supported browser tools before embedding the Markdown. Registration and every pre-step
-catalog snapshot are pure in-memory reads (no disk/process/daemon); compositions without the skill
-seam degrade silently.
-
-With `lazyTools: true`, the six tool schemas stay out of the system prompt until
-the skill is successfully invoked. Registration happens once and lasts until the
-plugin is unloaded. Repeated invocations do not register duplicate tools. Entering
-a resumed conversation whose history contains a successful skill invocation also
-registers the tools. Setting `lazyTools: false` registers them at plugin startup.
-
-## Observation subscriptions and routes
-
-- **Screenshot demand**: the client requests periodic screenshots while an observation view is
-  visible, using the PiP document's visibility when popped out. Hidden or collapsed views can
-  keep subscribing to state without requesting screenshots. The first screenshot subscriber
-  starts capture scheduling; the last one's departure cancels timers and skips queued captures.
-  An already running capture may finish. Demand applies to the service's owned sessions, not just
-  the selected session.
-- **Wire**: `GET /bsk-observation/events` is the live synchronization channel (SSE). Every connection,
-  including reconnects, starts with `{ type: "snapshot", sessions, available }`, followed by
-  `upsert`, `remove`, `reset`, and `availability` events on the same stream. Replace local state
-  with each snapshot before applying subsequent events. Use `?thumbnails=0` for state-only
-  subscriptions or `?thumbnails=1` to request screenshots; omitting the parameter defaults to
-  requesting screenshots for compatibility. Closing the stream releases its screenshot demand.
-  `GET /bsk-observation/state` remains a one-time `{ sessions, available }` read and does not
-  request screenshots. It has no ordering guarantee relative to a separate SSE connection;
-  live clients should initialize and resynchronize from the stream's snapshot instead.
-  The host also serves `POST /bsk-observation/interrupt`, `POST /bsk-observation/stop`, and
-  `GET /bsk-observation/thumbnail/<attachmentId>` through the dsh `webServer` route seam
-  (dsh 0.1's Typert Remote pipeline is closed to out-of-tree packages). All commands for one
-  session — tool calls and frame captures alike — run through a per-session FIFO, because the
-  daemon accepts only one unfinished command per session.
-- **Programmatic subscription**: `ObservationService.subscribe(listener, { thumbnails: false })`
-  subscribes to state without requesting screenshots. On an active service, the listener receives
-  the initial `snapshot` synchronously, before `subscribe` returns, then receives subsequent
-  changes. `thumbnails` defaults to `true`, so callers should choose it explicitly. The returned
-  unsubscribe function is safe to call repeatedly and releases this subscription's screenshot
-  demand. Subscribing after service disposal is a no-op.
-- **Trust model**: these routes expose live screenshots (and an interrupt write), so they
-  replicate the browser-trust fence dsh applies to its own `/api` routes: the request Host
-  must be a loopback authority (`localhost`, `127.0.0.0/8`, `[::1]`), a present Origin must
-  match the Host, `sec-fetch-site: cross-site` is refused, and POST requires an
-  `application/json` body (cross-site simple requests can never satisfy that). The channel is
-  therefore built for **loopback-only serving** — binding the dsh web server to `0.0.0.0` and
-  reaching it through a LAN address will (deliberately) fail the fence; do not put these
-  routes behind a non-loopback reverse proxy without adding your own authentication.
-
-## Tool results and cancellation
-
-- **Cancellation**: aborting a tool call (`exec.signal`) kills the underlying bsk child process,
-  matching BrowserSkill's cooperative tool-cancellation model.
-- **UI cards**: calls render as terminal cards (command line as title, output as the completed
-  card). Screenshots additionally attach the image itself when the host mounts an attachment store
-  and the active model route declares image input; otherwise the PNG path is returned.
-- **Web UI toolview (browser half)**: the package is dual-face. `dsh.client` (platform `web`) ships
-  `lib/client.cjs`, which registers a keyed `tool.call.toolview` view for `browser_inspect`. The
-  custom view keeps a terminal block for every inspect action and, when a screenshot result carries
-  an image block, resolves the durable attachment through the client session's authorized
-  `readAttachment` RPC and renders it with the shared `MessageImage` thumbnail/lightbox atoms.
-  The other five tools keep the stock terminal card. The bundle follows the dsh client
-  contract: a CJS closure factory handed to `window.__ModuleLoader__.load`, platform modules
-  (`react`, `dsh-client-ui-*`) external, everything else inlined, CSS Modules compiled by
-  lightningcss.
-- **Errors**: non-zero bsk exits surface the CLI's JSON error envelope (`code`, `message`, `hint`)
-  so the model gets the daemon's actionable guidance.
-- **Long-running work** (e.g. `bsk record`) is not backgrounded via `ctx.jobs` yet — tracked as a
-  follow-up.

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "@wxg-prc-cpg/browser-skill-dsh-plugin",
   "description": "DeepSeek Harness tool plugin that exposes BrowserSkill browser automation (browser_* tools) to the model",
-  "version": "0.2.1",
+  "version": "0.2.0",
   "license": "MIT",
   "publishConfig": {
     "access": "public",
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
     "client": {
       "platform": "web",
       "inject": [
+        "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-runtime",
         "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-tool",
         "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-layout"
       ],
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@
   "peerDependencies": {
     "@deepseek-ai/cordis": "^4.0.1",
     "@deepseek-ai/dsh-attachment": "^0.1.0-rc.6",
+    "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-runtime": "^0.1.0-rc.6",
     "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-attachment": "^0.1.0-rc.6",
     "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-primitives": "^0.1.0-rc.6",
     "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-tool": "^0.1.0-rc.6",
@@ -80,6 +82,9 @@
     "@deepseek-ai/dsh-attachment": {
       "optional": true
     },
+    "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-runtime": {
+      "optional": true
+    },
     "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-attachment": {
       "optional": true
     },

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/src/client/index.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
  */
 
 import type { ImageAttachmentRef } from "@deepseek-ai/dsh-attachment";
-// Development-only types for the injected services; newer hosts no longer ship this package.
 import type { ClientContext, ISessions, SessionId } from "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-runtime/client";
 // Type-only: pulls the 'shell.overlay' SlotMap merge into scope.
 import type {} from "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-layout/client";

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/src/runner.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  * map the CLI's JSON error envelope onto a thrown `BskError`.
  */
 
-import { type ChildProcess, type SpawnOptionsWithoutStdio, spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { type ChildProcess, spawn } from "node:child_process";
 
 /** Shape of the JSON error envelope `bsk --json` prints on failure. */
 export interface BskErrorBody {
@@ -53,11 +53,7 @@ export interface BskRunOptions {
 }
 
 /** Minimal spawn signature so tests can substitute a fake child process. */
-export type SpawnImpl = (
+export type SpawnImpl = (command: string, args: string[]) => ChildProcess;
-  command: string,
-  args: string[],
-  options?: SpawnOptionsWithoutStdio,
-) => ChildProcess;
 
 export interface BskRunner {
   /** Run `bsk <args...> --json` and collect its output. */
@@ -68,66 +64,29 @@ export interface BskRunner {
   killFor(tag: string): number;
 }
 
-// Business RPCs translate Ctrl-C / opt-in stdin EOF into cancel(rpc_id).
+// Business RPCs translate SIGINT into the daemon's cancel(rpc_id) protocol.
-// Allow reconciliation before hard-killing an old or unresponsive CLI.
+// Give that bounded reconciliation path time to settle before the hard kill.
 const KILL_GRACE_MS = 3000;
-// Windows IPC may spend 5s connecting, 2s cancelling, 2s settling,
-// and up to 5s releasing the entire batch of caller-owned transfers.
-const WINDOWS_KILL_GRACE_MS = 15_000;
 const SESSION_BUSY_RETRY_DELAY_MS = 100;
 
 export function createBskRunner(bskPath: string, spawnImpl: SpawnImpl = spawn): BskRunner {
   const live = new Map<ChildProcess, string | undefined>();
-  const windows = process.platform === "win32";
-  const cancelling = new Set<ChildProcess>();
 
   function killChild(child: ChildProcess): void {
-    if (child.exitCode !== null || child.signalCode !== null || cancelling.has(child)) return;
+    if (child.exitCode !== null || child.signalCode !== null) return;
-    cancelling.add(child);
+    child.kill("SIGINT");
-    // Node kills Windows children outright for SIGINT. EOF asks the CLI to
+    const force = setTimeout(() => {
-    // send its existing cancel RPC and wait for browser reconciliation.
+      if (child.exitCode === null && child.signalCode === null) child.kill("SIGKILL");
-    if (windows && child.stdin) child.stdin.end();
+    }, KILL_GRACE_MS);
-    else child.kill("SIGINT");
-    const force = setTimeout(
-      () => {
-        if (child.exitCode === null && child.signalCode === null) child.kill("SIGKILL");
-      },
-      windows ? WINDOWS_KILL_GRACE_MS : KILL_GRACE_MS,
-    );
     force.unref();
-    child.once("close", () => {
-      clearTimeout(force);
-      cancelling.delete(child);
-    });
   }
 
   return {
     run(args, options = {}) {
-      if (options.signal?.aborted) {
-        return Promise.resolve({
-          code: null,
-          stdout: "",
-          stderr: "",
-          timedOut: false,
-          aborted: true,
-        });
-      }
       return new Promise<BskRunResult>((resolve, reject) => {
         let child: ChildProcess;
         try {
-          child = spawnImpl(
+          child = spawnImpl(bskPath, [...args, "--json"]);
-            bskPath,
-            [...args, "--json"],
-            windows
-              ? {
-                  windowsHide: true,
-                  env: { ...process.env, BSK_CANCEL_ON_STDIN_CLOSE: "1" },
-                }
-              : undefined,
-          );
-          // A child exiting while cancellation closes stdin may report EPIPE.
-          // Its close/error event remains the authority for the run result.
-          child.stdin?.on("error", () => {});
         } catch (error) {
           reject(error);
           return;

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/src/tools.ts

@@ -489,7 +489,9 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
       ? "Capture an indented aria-tree snapshot of the session's active tab. Interactive elements " +
         "carry @eN refs for browser_interact actions. Prefer browser_inspect action=observe for a richer semantic view."
       : "Produce a semantic VOM observation of the session's active tab (roles, states, perception " +
-        "probes) with @eN refs for browser_interact actions. Read-only: never submits input.";
+        "probes) with @eN refs for browser_interact actions. Visual-only surfaces require image " +
+        "understanding and their refs are screenshot-only; keep using any DOM/AX semantics rendered " +
+        "alongside them. Read-only: never submits input.";
     register(
       defineTool({
         name,
@@ -561,7 +563,8 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
       name: "interact.click",
       description:
         "Click an element in the session's active tab. Target is a snapshot ref (@e3) from the " +
-        "last browser_inspect observation, or a CSS selector.",
+        "last browser_inspect observation, or a CSS selector. A visual Surface requires the " +
+        "captureId and image coordinates returned by browser_inspect action=screenshot.",
       parameters: {
         target: {
           type: "string",
@@ -578,6 +581,24 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
           type: "integer",
           description: "Number of consecutive presses (double-click = 2).",
         },
+        modifiers: {
+          type: "array",
+          items: { type: "string", enum: ["alt", "ctrl", "meta", "shift"] },
+          description: "Keyboard modifiers held during the click.",
+        },
+        captureId: {
+          type: "string",
+          description:
+            "Short-lived Surface capture id returned by browser_inspect action=screenshot.",
+        },
+        imageX: {
+          type: "number",
+          description: "X coordinate in capture-image pixels; requires captureId and imageY.",
+        },
+        imageY: {
+          type: "number",
+          description: "Y coordinate in capture-image pixels; requires captureId and imageX.",
+        },
       },
       output: {
         schema: {
@@ -588,6 +609,7 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
             tabId: { type: "integer", required: true },
             x: { type: "number", required: true },
             y: { type: "number", required: true },
+            captureId: { type: "string" },
           },
         },
         render: (_args, value) => [
@@ -599,17 +621,44 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
       },
       async execute(args, exec) {
         if (args.target.trim().length === 0) throw new Error("target must be a non-empty string");
+        const pointArgCount =
+          Number(args.captureId !== undefined) +
+          Number(args.imageX !== undefined) +
+          Number(args.imageY !== undefined);
+        if (pointArgCount !== 0 && pointArgCount !== 3) {
+          throw new Error("captureId, imageX, and imageY must be given together");
+        }
         const sessionId = registry.resolve(args.session, "browser_interact(action=click)");
         const cmdArgs = ["click", "--session", sessionId];
         if (args.button !== undefined) cmdArgs.push("--button", args.button);
         if (args.clickCount !== undefined) cmdArgs.push("--click-count", String(args.clickCount));
+        if (args.modifiers !== undefined && args.modifiers.length > 0) {
+          cmdArgs.push("--modifiers", args.modifiers.join(","));
+        }
+        if (args.captureId !== undefined) {
+          cmdArgs.push(
+            "--capture",
+            args.captureId,
+            "--image-x",
+            String(args.imageX),
+            "--image-y",
+            String(args.imageY),
+          );
+        }
         cmdArgs.push(args.target);
         const reply = (await runBsk(deps, exec, cmdArgs, "click", sessionId)) as {
           tab_id: number;
           x: number;
           y: number;
+          capture_id?: string;
+        };
+        return {
+          session: sessionId,
+          tabId: reply.tab_id,
+          x: reply.x,
+          y: reply.y,
+          ...(reply.capture_id !== undefined ? { captureId: reply.capture_id } : {}),
         };
-        return { session: sessionId, tabId: reply.tab_id, x: reply.x, y: reply.y };
       },
       presentCall: (args) => ({
         card: "terminal",
@@ -754,12 +803,17 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
       name: "inspect.screenshot",
       description:
         "Capture a PNG screenshot of the session's active tab, or crop to a snapshot ref element. " +
+        "This is the supported operation for visual surface refs emitted by inspect.observe. Only use " +
+        "it to interpret a visual-only surface when you can inspect image output. If you lack multimodal " +
+        "or image-reading capability, tell the user to switch to a model with image understanding; do " +
+        "not guess content or coordinates. " +
         "Returns the image itself when the deployment supports image input, otherwise a file path.",
       parameters: {
         session: SESSION_PARAM,
         ref: {
           type: "string",
-          description: "Snapshot ref (@e3) from the last snapshot/observe; crops to that element.",
+          description:
+            "Ref (@e3) from the last snapshot/observe; crops to that DOM element or visual surface.",
         },
       },
       output: {
@@ -773,6 +827,8 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
             width: { type: "integer", required: true },
             height: { type: "integer", required: true },
             byteSize: { type: "integer", required: true },
+            captureId: { type: "string" },
+            captureExpiresAt: { type: "integer" },
             image: {
               type: "object",
               additionalProperties: false,
@@ -796,7 +852,11 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
             value.image !== undefined
               ? `[session ${value.session}] screenshot of tab ${value.tabId} (${value.width}x${value.height}px)`
               : `[session ${value.session}] screenshot saved to ${value.path} (${value.width}x${value.height}px, ${value.byteSize} bytes) — this deployment cannot inline images; read the file to view it`;
-          const blocks: ContentBlock[] = [{ type: "text", text }];
+          const captureText =
+            value.captureId !== undefined
+              ? ` Surface capture ${value.captureId} uses capture-image-pixel coordinates and expires at ${value.captureExpiresAt}.`
+              : "";
+          const blocks: ContentBlock[] = [{ type: "text", text: text + captureText }];
           if (value.image !== undefined) {
             blocks.push({
               type: "image",
@@ -835,6 +895,7 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
             height: number;
             path: string;
             byte_size: number;
+            capture?: { id: string; expires_at: number };
           };
           writtenPath = reply.path;
           const data = await readFile(reply.path);
@@ -848,6 +909,9 @@ function defineBrowserOperations(deps: ToolDeps, register: DefinitionRegistrar):
             width: reply.width,
             height: reply.height,
             byteSize: reply.byte_size,
+            ...(reply.capture !== undefined
+              ? { captureId: reply.capture.id, captureExpiresAt: reply.capture.expires_at }
+              : {}),
             ...(ref !== undefined
               ? {
                   image: {

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/tests/runner.test.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import type { ChildProcess } from "node:child_process";
 import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
-import { PassThrough } from "node:stream";
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
-import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import {
   type BskRunResult,
   createBskRunner,
@@ -93,77 +92,6 @@ describe("createBskRunner", () => {
   });
 });
 
-describe("Windows parent cancellation", () => {
-  const originalPlatform = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(process, "platform")!;
-  beforeEach(() => Object.defineProperty(process, "platform", { value: "win32" }));
-  afterEach(() => {
-    Object.defineProperty(process, "platform", originalPlatform);
-    vi.useRealTimers();
-  });
-
-  it("opts in to stdin cancellation and waits for CLI reconciliation", async () => {
-    const child = Object.assign(new FakeChild(), { stdin: new PassThrough() });
-    const spawn = vi.fn(() => child as unknown as ChildProcess);
-    const runner = createBskRunner("bsk", spawn);
-    const abort = new AbortController();
-    const result = runner.run(["snapshot"], { signal: abort.signal });
-    expect(spawn.mock.calls[0]).toEqual([
-      "bsk",
-      ["snapshot", "--json"],
-      {
-        windowsHide: true,
-        env: { ...process.env, BSK_CANCEL_ON_STDIN_CLOSE: "1" },
-      },
-    ]);
-    abort.abort();
-    expect(child.stdin.writableEnded).toBe(true);
-    expect(child.killedWith).toEqual([]);
-    // Closing an already-exited child's pipe must not crash the host.
-    child.stdin.emit("error", Object.assign(new Error("closed"), { code: "EPIPE" }));
-    child.finish(2, '{"code":"cancelled"}');
-    expect(await result).toMatchObject({ code: 2, aborted: true });
-  });
-
-  it("bounds cancellation of an old or unresponsive CLI", async () => {
-    vi.useFakeTimers();
-    const child = Object.assign(new FakeChild(), { stdin: new PassThrough() });
-    const runner = createBskRunner("bsk", fakeSpawn([child]));
-    const result = runner.run(["snapshot"], { timeoutMs: 5 });
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5);
-    expect(child.stdin.writableEnded).toBe(true);
-    expect(child.killedWith).toEqual([]);
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10_000);
-    expect(child.killedWith).toEqual([]);
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5_000);
-    expect(child.killedWith).toEqual(["SIGKILL"]);
-    expect(await result).toMatchObject({ timedOut: true });
-  });
-
-  it("cancels only the requested tag and clears the fallback after exit", async () => {
-    vi.useFakeTimers();
-    const a = Object.assign(new FakeChild(), { stdin: new PassThrough() });
-    const b = Object.assign(new FakeChild(), { stdin: new PassThrough() });
-    const runner = createBskRunner("bsk", fakeSpawn([a, b]));
-    const first = runner.run(["snapshot"], { tag: "a" });
-    const second = runner.run(["snapshot"], { tag: "b" });
-    expect(runner.killFor("a")).toBe(1);
-    expect(a.stdin.writableEnded).toBe(true);
-    expect(b.stdin.writableEnded).toBe(false);
-    a.finish(2);
-    b.finish(0);
-    await Promise.all([first, second]);
-    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0);
-  });
-
-  it("does not start work for an already-aborted call", async () => {
-    const spawn = vi.fn();
-    const runner = createBskRunner("bsk", spawn);
-    const signal = AbortSignal.abort();
-    expect(await runner.run(["snapshot"], { signal })).toMatchObject({ aborted: true });
-    expect(spawn).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-  });
-});
-
 describe("parseBskJson", () => {
   const base: BskRunResult = { code: 0, stdout: "", stderr: "", timedOut: false, aborted: false };
 

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/tests/tools.test.ts

@@ -478,12 +478,12 @@ describe("interaction tools", () => {
     emulate: { tab_id: 7, cleared: false },
   };
 
-  it("interact.click maps target, button, and click count", async () => {
+  it("interact.click maps target, button, click count, and modifiers", async () => {
     const { tools, calls } = setup(responses);
     await startSession(tools);
     const click = tools.get("interact.click");
     const value = (await click?.execute(
-      { target: "@e1", button: "right", clickCount: 2 },
+      { target: "@e1", button: "right", clickCount: 2, modifiers: ["ctrl", "shift"] },
       makeExec(),
     )) as { session: string; x: number; y: number };
     expect(value).toMatchObject({ session: "s1", x: 10, y: 20 });
@@ -495,6 +495,43 @@ describe("interaction tools", () => {
       "right",
       "--click-count",
       "2",
+      "--modifiers",
+      "ctrl,shift",
+      "@e1",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("interact.click forwards a complete Surface capture coordinate transaction", async () => {
+    const { tools, calls } = setup({
+      ...responses,
+      click: {
+        tab_id: 7,
+        used_ref: "e1",
+        x: 110,
+        y: 70,
+        capture_id: "sc_test",
+        image_x: 200,
+        image_y: 100,
+      },
+    });
+    await startSession(tools);
+    const click = tools.get("interact.click");
+    const value = await click?.execute(
+      { target: "@e1", captureId: "sc_test", imageX: 200, imageY: 100 },
+      makeExec(),
+    );
+
+    expect(value).toMatchObject({ captureId: "sc_test", x: 110, y: 70 });
+    expect(calls[1].args).toEqual([
+      "click",
+      "--session",
+      "s1",
+      "--capture",
+      "sc_test",
+      "--image-x",
+      "200",
+      "--image-y",
+      "100",
       "@e1",
     ]);
   });
@@ -923,6 +960,32 @@ describe("inspect.screenshot", () => {
     expect(rendered?.every((block) => block.type === "text")).toBe(true);
   });
 
+  it("returns Surface capture metadata alongside the screenshot", async () => {
+    const path = pngFile();
+    const { tools } = setup({
+      "session start": START_REPLY("s1"),
+      screenshot: {
+        tab_id: 7,
+        width: 800,
+        height: 600,
+        format: "png",
+        path,
+        byte_size: 8,
+        capture: { id: "sc_test", expires_at: 1700000030000 },
+      },
+    });
+    await startSession(tools);
+    const screenshot = tools.get("inspect.screenshot");
+    const value = await screenshot?.execute({ ref: "@e1" }, makeExec());
+
+    expect(value).toMatchObject({
+      captureId: "sc_test",
+      captureExpiresAt: 1700000030000,
+    });
+    const rendered = screenshot?.output.render({ session: "s1" }, value as never);
+    expect(rendered?.[0]).toMatchObject({ type: "text", text: expect.stringContaining("sc_test") });
+  });
+
   it("commits the image through the attachment store on an image-capable route", async () => {
     const path = pngFile();
     const services = {

packages/dsh-plugin-browserskill/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ const CLIENT_EXTERNALS: readonly string[] = [
   "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-primitives",
   "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-ui-attachment",
   "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-schema-form",
+  "@deepseek-ai/dsh-client-runtime/client",
 ];
 
 /** Wire/type layers with no shared runtime identity: safe to inline. */

packages/vom/src/__tests__/render.test.ts

@@ -29,6 +29,139 @@ function coreRefs(refs: ReturnType<typeof renderVom>["refs"]) {
 }
 
 describe("renderVom single-layer page", () => {
+  it("renders visual surfaces as screenshot-only refs", () => {
+    const input = scene([
+      node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", frameId: "main" }),
+      node({ id: 2, parentId: 1, role: "Iframe", frameId: "main", backendNodeId: 20 }),
+    ]);
+    input.visualSurfaces = [
+      {
+        parentId: 2,
+        backendNodeId: 99,
+        frameId: "child",
+        renderingKind: "canvas",
+        visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 800, h: 500 },
+        label: "Data grid",
+        memberCount: 2,
+      },
+    ];
+    const out = renderVom(input);
+
+    expect(out.text).toContain("[visual surfaces]");
+    expect(out.text).toContain(
+      '@e1 surface "Data grid" [bounds=10,20,800,500; rendering=canvas; layers=2; visual-only; requires=image-understanding; use: bsk screenshot --ref @e1]',
+    );
+    expect(out.refs).toContainEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        ref: "e1",
+        backendNodeId: 99,
+        kind: "surface",
+        visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 800, h: 500 },
+        capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("renders an unnamed visual surface with a stable generic label", () => {
+    const input = scene([node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", frameId: "main" })]);
+    input.visualSurfaces = [
+      {
+        parentId: 1,
+        backendNodeId: 99,
+        frameId: "main",
+        renderingKind: "canvas",
+        visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 800, h: 500 },
+        memberCount: 1,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    const out = renderVom(input);
+
+    expect(out.text).toContain(
+      '@e1 surface "canvas visual surface" [bounds=10,20,800,500; rendering=canvas; visual-only; requires=image-understanding; use: bsk screenshot --ref @e1]',
+    );
+    expect(out.refs).toContainEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        ref: "e1",
+        name: "canvas visual surface",
+        kind: "surface",
+        capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("appends visual refs after DOM refs so canvas density cannot renumber controls", () => {
+    const input = scene([
+      node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", frameId: "main" }),
+      node({ id: 2, parentId: 1, role: "button", name: "Submit", tag: "button" }),
+    ]);
+    input.visualSurfaces = [
+      {
+        parentId: 1,
+        backendNodeId: 99,
+        frameId: "main",
+        renderingKind: "canvas",
+        visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 80, h: 50 },
+        memberCount: 1,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    const withoutVisuals = renderVom({ ...input, visualSurfaces: [] });
+    const withVisuals = renderVom(input);
+
+    expect(withoutVisuals.refs[0]).toMatchObject({ ref: "e1", backendNodeId: 2, kind: "dom" });
+    expect(withVisuals.refs[0]).toMatchObject({ ref: "e1", backendNodeId: 2, kind: "dom" });
+    expect(withVisuals.refs[1]).toMatchObject({ ref: "e2", backendNodeId: 99, kind: "surface" });
+    expect(withVisuals.text.indexOf('@e1 button "Submit"')).toBeLessThan(
+      withVisuals.text.indexOf("[visual surfaces]"),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("bounds visual output and prefers explicitly labeled surfaces", () => {
+    const input = scene([node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", frameId: "main" })]);
+    input.visualSurfaces = Array.from({ length: 12 }, (_, index) => ({
+      parentId: 1,
+      backendNodeId: 100 + index,
+      frameId: "main",
+      renderingKind: "canvas" as const,
+      visibleRect: { x: index * 10, y: 20, w: 8, h: 8 },
+      ...(index === 11 ? { label: "Important status" } : {}),
+      memberCount: 1,
+    }));
+
+    const out = renderVom(input);
+    const surfaceRefs = out.refs.filter((ref) => ref.kind === "surface");
+
+    expect(surfaceRefs).toHaveLength(8);
+    expect(surfaceRefs[0]).toMatchObject({ backendNodeId: 111, name: "Important status" });
+    expect(out.text).toContain("… 4 additional visual surfaces omitted");
+    expect(out.truncated).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("does not let a visual surface exhaust the budget before later DOM content", () => {
+    const input = scene([
+      node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", name: "Doc", frameId: "main" }),
+      node({ id: 2, parentId: 1, role: "button", name: "First", tag: "button" }),
+      node({ id: 3, parentId: 1, role: "button", name: "Later", tag: "button" }),
+    ]);
+    input.visualSurfaces = [
+      {
+        parentId: 1,
+        backendNodeId: 99,
+        frameId: "main",
+        renderingKind: "canvas",
+        visibleRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 800, h: 500 },
+        memberCount: 1,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    const out = renderVom(input, { maxTokens: 30 });
+
+    expect(out.text).toContain('@e2 button "Later"');
+    expect(out.refs.filter((ref) => ref.kind === "surface")).toHaveLength(0);
+    expect(out.truncated).toBe(true);
+  });
+
   it("does not derive handle context across frame scopes", () => {
     const out = renderVom(
       scene([

packages/vom/src/index.ts

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ export type {
   VomNode,
   VomOptions,
   VomRef,
+  VomRefCapability,
   VomResult,
   VomScene,
+  VomVisualSurface,
 } from "./types";

packages/vom/src/render.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import type {
   VomOptions,
   VomResult,
   VomScene,
+  VomVisualSurface,
 } from "./types";
 
 const SKIP_ROLES = new Set(["generic", "none", "presentation", "inlinetextbox"]);
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@ const MAX_CUSTOM_RECOVERY_AREA = 180_000;
 const MAX_RECOVERABLE_SINGLE_INTENT_AREA = 360_000;
 const MAX_HANDLE_CONTEXT_ITEMS = 3;
 const MAX_SURFACE_ITEMS = 12;
+const MAX_VISUAL_SURFACES = 8;
 const MAX_SCOPE_LINES = 40;
 const RECOVERY_HANDLER_ATTRS = ["onclick", "onmousedown", "onkeydown", "onkeyup", "onkeypress"];
 const NATIVE_TAGS = new Set(["button", "input", "select", "textarea"]);
@@ -793,6 +795,108 @@ interface RenderState {
   duplicateRefNames: Set<string>;
   surfaceMap: Map<number, CondSurface>;
   scopeMap: Map<number, ActiveScopeBlock>;
+  visualSurfaces: VomVisualSurface[];
+}
+
+function visualSurfaceArea(surface: VomVisualSurface): number {
+  return Math.max(0, surface.visibleRect.w) * Math.max(0, surface.visibleRect.h);
+}
+
+function compareVisualSurfaces(a: VomVisualSurface, b: VomVisualSurface): number {
+  const aLabeled = cleaned(a.label) !== undefined;
+  const bLabeled = cleaned(b.label) !== undefined;
+  return (
+    Number(bLabeled) - Number(aLabeled) ||
+    visualSurfaceArea(b) - visualSurfaceArea(a) ||
+    a.frameId.localeCompare(b.frameId) ||
+    a.visibleRect.y - b.visibleRect.y ||
+    a.visibleRect.x - b.visibleRect.x ||
+    a.backendNodeId - b.backendNodeId
+  );
+}
+
+function visualSurfaceLine(surface: VomVisualSurface, ref: string): string {
+  const label = cleaned(surface.label) ?? `${surface.renderingKind} visual surface`;
+  const layers = surface.memberCount > 1 ? `; layers=${surface.memberCount}` : "";
+  const { x, y, w, h } = surface.visibleRect;
+  const bounds = [x, y, w, h].map(Math.round).join(",");
+  return `  @${ref} surface ${JSON.stringify(label)} [bounds=${bounds}; rendering=${surface.renderingKind}${layers}; visual-only; requires=image-understanding; use: bsk screenshot --ref @${ref}]`;
+}
+
+function selectVisualSurfaces(
+  surfaces: readonly VomVisualSurface[],
+  nodesById: ReadonlyMap<number, VomNode>,
+): { selected: VomVisualSurface[]; eligibleCount: number } {
+  const selected: VomVisualSurface[] = [];
+  let eligibleCount = 0;
+
+  for (const surface of surfaces) {
+    if (surface.parentId !== null && !nodesById.has(surface.parentId)) continue;
+    eligibleCount += 1;
+
+    const insertionIndex = selected.findIndex(
+      (candidate) => compareVisualSurfaces(surface, candidate) < 0,
+    );
+    if (insertionIndex < 0) {
+      if (selected.length < MAX_VISUAL_SURFACES) selected.push(surface);
+      continue;
+    }
+    selected.splice(insertionIndex, 0, surface);
+    if (selected.length > MAX_VISUAL_SURFACES) selected.pop();
+  }
+
+  return { selected, eligibleCount };
+}
+
+function emitVisualAppendix(state: RenderState): void {
+  if (state.stopped) return;
+  const { selected, eligibleCount } = selectVisualSurfaces(state.visualSurfaces, state.nodesById);
+  if (eligibleCount === 0) return;
+
+  const header = "[visual surfaces]";
+  let headerEmitted = false;
+  let emitted = 0;
+  for (const surface of selected) {
+    const ref = `e${state.nextRef}`;
+    const line = visualSurfaceLine(surface, ref);
+    const nextTokens =
+      state.tokens + estimateTokens(line) + (headerEmitted ? 0 : estimateTokens(header));
+    if (nextTokens > state.maxTokens) break;
+    if (!headerEmitted) {
+      state.lines.push(header);
+      state.tokens += estimateTokens(header);
+      headerEmitted = true;
+    }
+    state.lines.push(line);
+    state.tokens += estimateTokens(line);
+    const label = cleaned(surface.label) ?? `${surface.renderingKind} visual surface`;
+    state.refs.push({
+      ref,
+      backendNodeId: surface.backendNodeId,
+      frameId: surface.frameId,
+      visibleRect: surface.visibleRect,
+      role: "surface",
+      name: label,
+      kind: "surface",
+      capabilities: ["screenshot"],
+      line: state.lines.length - 1,
+    });
+    state.nextRef += 1;
+    emitted += 1;
+  }
+
+  const omitted = eligibleCount - emitted;
+  if (omitted > 0) {
+    state.truncated = true;
+    if (headerEmitted) {
+      const summary = `  … ${omitted} additional visual surfaces omitted`;
+      const nextTokens = state.tokens + estimateTokens(summary);
+      if (nextTokens <= state.maxTokens) {
+        state.lines.push(summary);
+        state.tokens = nextTokens;
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 function emitActiveScopeBlock(scope: ActiveScopeBlock, depth: number, state: RenderState): void {
@@ -873,6 +977,8 @@ function renderTree(children: Map<number | null, VomNode[]>, state: RenderState)
         ...(node.role ? { role: node.role } : {}),
         ...(name ? { name } : {}),
         ...(context.length > 0 ? { ctx: context.join(" > ") } : {}),
+        kind: "dom",
+        capabilities: ["interact", "screenshot"],
         line: state.lines.length - 1,
       });
       state.nextRef += 1;
@@ -894,6 +1000,7 @@ function renderNodes(
   initialLines: string[],
   surfaces: CondSurface[] = [],
   activeScopeBlocks: ActiveScopeBlock[] = [],
+  visualSurfaces: VomVisualSurface[] = [],
 ): RenderState {
   const children = buildChildren(nodes);
   const state: RenderState = {
@@ -913,6 +1020,7 @@ function renderNodes(
     duplicateRefNames: duplicateReferenceNames(nodes),
     surfaceMap: new Map(surfaces.map((surface) => [surface.triggerId, surface])),
     scopeMap: new Map(activeScopeBlocks.map((scope) => [scope.triggerId, scope])),
+    visualSurfaces,
   };
 
   renderTree(children, state);
@@ -1124,8 +1232,20 @@ function renderDoubleLayer(scene: VomScene, layer: BlockingLayer, options: VomOp
     "@layers 2 focus=L1",
     `L1 ${layer.kind} cover=${Math.round(layer.coverage * 100)}%`,
   ];
-  const state = renderNodes(visibleNodes, options, header, scene.surfaces, scene.activeScopeBlocks);
+  const visibleSurface = (parentId: number | null): boolean =>
-  state.lines.push(renderPageOcclusionLine(hiddenCount));
+    parentId === null || included.has(parentId);
+  const state = renderNodes(
+    visibleNodes,
+    options,
+    header,
+    scene.surfaces,
+    scene.activeScopeBlocks,
+    scene.visualSurfaces?.filter((surface) => visibleSurface(surface.parentId)),
+  );
+  const occlusionLine = renderPageOcclusionLine(hiddenCount);
+  state.lines.push(occlusionLine);
+  state.tokens += estimateTokens(occlusionLine);
+  emitVisualAppendix(state);
 
   return {
     text: state.lines.join("\n"),
@@ -1152,7 +1272,9 @@ export function renderVom(scene: VomScene, options: VomOptions = {}): VomResult
     ],
     scene.surfaces,
     scene.activeScopeBlocks,
+    scene.visualSurfaces,
   );
+  emitVisualAppendix(state);
 
   return {
     text: state.lines.join("\n"),

packages/vom/src/types.ts

@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ export interface VomScene {
   rootFrameId?: string;
   surfaces?: CondSurface[];
   activeScopeBlocks?: ActiveScopeBlock[];
+  /** Non-semantic rendered regions discovered alongside the AX/DOM tree. */
+  visualSurfaces?: VomVisualSurface[];
 }
 
 export interface VomOptions {
@@ -94,6 +96,22 @@ export interface VomRef {
   ref: string;
   backendNodeId: number;
   frameId?: string;
+  /** Observation-time top-viewport crop for screenshot-only surfaces. */
+  visibleRect?: Rect;
+  kind?: "dom" | "surface";
+  capabilities?: VomRefCapability[];
+}
+
+export type VomRefCapability = "interact" | "screenshot";
+
+export interface VomVisualSurface {
+  parentId: number | null;
+  backendNodeId: number;
+  frameId: string;
+  renderingKind: "canvas";
+  visibleRect: Rect;
+  label?: string;
+  memberCount: number;
 }
 
 export interface RenderedRef extends VomRef {

scripts/install-windows.test.ps1

@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-#Requires -Version 5.1
-param([string]$BskPath = (Join-Path $PSScriptRoot "../target/debug/bsk.exe"))
-$ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
-
-# Load definitions, never Main: no downloads or changes to the real user PATH.
-$installer = Join-Path $PSScriptRoot "../install.ps1"
-$tokens = $null
-$errors = $null
-$ast = [System.Management.Automation.Language.Parser]::ParseFile($installer, [ref]$tokens, [ref]$errors)
-if ($errors.Count) { throw ($errors | Out-String) }
-foreach ($statement in $ast.EndBlock.Statements) {
-    if ($statement -is [System.Management.Automation.Language.FunctionDefinitionAst]) {
-        $definition = $statement.Extent.Text
-        if ($statement.Name -eq "Add-ToUserPath") {
-            $definition = $definition.Replace('[Environment]::GetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", "User")', '$script:UserPath')
-            $definition = $definition.Replace('[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", $newUserPath, "User")', '$script:UserPath = $newUserPath')
-        }
-        Invoke-Expression $definition
-    }
-}
-function Assert-Equal($Actual, $Expected) {
-    if ($Actual -cne $Expected) { throw "expected [$Expected], got [$Actual]" }
-}
-function Assert-Fails([scriptblock]$Action) {
-    $failed = $false
-    try { & $Action } catch { $failed = $true }
-    if (-not $failed) { throw "expected failure" }
-}
-
-$dir = 'C:\Users\Alice\.local\bin'
-foreach ($existing in @('', 'C:\WindowsApps', 'C:\A;C:\B')) {
-    $script:UserPath = $existing
-    Add-ToUserPath $dir
-    $expected = if ($existing) { "$existing;$dir" } else { $dir }
-    Assert-Equal $script:UserPath $expected
-    Add-ToUserPath $dir
-    Assert-Equal $script:UserPath $expected
-}
-
-$root = Join-Path ([IO.Path]::GetTempPath()) ("bsk-install-test-" + [Guid]::NewGuid().ToString('N'))
-[IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory($root) | Out-Null
-$oldBskHome = $env:BSK_HOME
-$oldAutoUpdate = $env:BSK_AUTO_UPDATE
-$daemon = $null
-try {
-    $utf8 = New-Object System.Text.UTF8Encoding($false)
-    $bashRc = Join-Path $root ".bashrc"
-    $existing = "# existing 中文 configuration" + [char]10
-    [IO.File]::WriteAllText($bashRc, $existing, $utf8)
-    $special = 'C:\Users\张三 space $HOME $(echo unsafe) ! & [x] O''Brien\.local\bin'
-    Add-ToBashProfile $special $bashRc
-    $first = [IO.File]::ReadAllText($bashRc)
-    if (-not $first.StartsWith($existing)) { throw "existing bashrc content changed" }
-    if (-not $first.Contains('张三')) { throw "Unicode path was lost" }
-    Add-ToBashProfile $special $bashRc
-    Assert-Equal ([IO.File]::ReadAllText($bashRc)) $first
-    $bytes = [IO.File]::ReadAllBytes($bashRc)
-    if ($bytes[0] -eq 0xEF) { throw "unexpected UTF-8 BOM" }
-
-    $bash = [IO.Path]::GetFullPath((Join-Path (Split-Path (Get-Command git).Source -Parent) "../bin/bash.exe"))
-    if (-not (Test-Path -LiteralPath $bash)) { throw "Git Bash is required for quoting regression" }
-    $env:BSK_TEST_RC = $bashRc
-    $probe = Join-Path $root 'probe.sh'
-    [IO.File]::WriteAllText($probe, 'source "$BSK_TEST_RC"; printf "%s\n" "${PATH%%:*}"', $utf8)
-    $actual = & $bash --noprofile --norc $probe
-    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "Git Bash failed" }
-    Assert-Equal $actual ('/c' + $special.Substring(2).Replace('\', '/'))
-
-    $env:BSK_HOME = Join-Path $root "home"
-    $env:BSK_AUTO_UPDATE = "off"
-    [IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory($env:BSK_HOME) | Out-Null
-    $sourceDir = Join-Path $root "download"
-    [IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory($sourceDir) | Out-Null
-    $source = Join-Path $sourceDir "bsk.exe"
-    [IO.File]::Copy((Resolve-Path -LiteralPath $BskPath).Path, $source)
-    $targetDir = Join-Path $root "中文 space [x] & install"
-    [IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory($targetDir) | Out-Null
-    $target = Join-Path $targetDir "bsk.exe"
-    Install-Binary $source $target
-    Assert-Equal (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $target).Hash (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $source).Hash
-
-    $daemon = Start-Process -FilePath $target -ArgumentList @('daemon', 'start', '--foreground', '--port', '0') -WindowStyle Hidden -PassThru
-    $infoPath = Join-Path $env:BSK_HOME "daemon.json"
-    $deadline = [DateTime]::UtcNow.AddSeconds(15)
-    while (-not [IO.File]::Exists($infoPath)) {
-        if ($daemon.HasExited -or [DateTime]::UtcNow -gt $deadline) { throw "daemon failed to start" }
-        Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 50
-    }
-    # PE overlays distinguish old/new executables without another build.
-    $stream = [IO.File]::OpenWrite($source)
-    try {
-        $stream.Seek(0, [IO.SeekOrigin]::End) | Out-Null
-        $marker = $utf8.GetBytes("installer replacement regression")
-        $stream.Write($marker, 0, $marker.Length)
-    } finally { $stream.Dispose() }
-    Install-Binary $source $target
-    if (-not $daemon.WaitForExit(5000)) { throw "old daemon still running" }
-    Assert-Equal (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $target).Hash (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $source).Hash
-    & $target --version
-    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "replacement is not executable" }
-
-    # Refuse replacement when daemon identity cannot be verified.
-    [IO.File]::WriteAllText($infoPath, 'invalid daemon metadata')
-    $before = (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $target).Hash
-    Assert-Fails { Install-Binary $source $target }
-    Assert-Equal (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $target).Hash $before
-    [IO.File]::Delete($infoPath)
-
-    # A remaining lock must fail without truncation or staging debris.
-    $lock = [IO.File]::Open($target, [IO.FileMode]::Open, [IO.FileAccess]::Read, [IO.FileShare]::None)
-    try { Assert-Fails { Install-Binary $source $target } } finally { $lock.Dispose() }
-    Assert-Equal (Get-FileHash -LiteralPath $target).Hash $before
-    if (@(Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $targetDir -Filter "*.install-*").Count) { throw "staging files leaked" }
-    Write-Host "Windows installer regressions passed ($($PSVersionTable.PSVersion))"
-}
-catch {
-    Write-Host ($_ | Out-String)
-    Write-Host $_.ScriptStackTrace
-    throw
-}
-finally {
-    if ($daemon -and -not $daemon.HasExited) {
-        Stop-Process -Id $daemon.Id -Force
-        $daemon.WaitForExit(5000) | Out-Null
-    }
-    $env:BSK_HOME = $oldBskHome
-    $env:BSK_AUTO_UPDATE = $oldAutoUpdate
-    Remove-Item Env:BSK_TEST_RC -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
-    # Resolve and verify before recursive cleanup; only this fixture is removed.
-    $resolvedRoot = [IO.Path]::GetFullPath($root)
-    $tempRoot = [IO.Path]::GetFullPath([IO.Path]::GetTempPath()).TrimEnd('\') + '\'
-    if (-not $resolvedRoot.StartsWith($tempRoot, [StringComparison]::OrdinalIgnoreCase) -or
-        -not ([IO.Path]::GetFileName($resolvedRoot)).StartsWith('bsk-install-test-')) { throw "invalid cleanup path" }
-    Remove-Item -LiteralPath $resolvedRoot -Recurse -Force
-}

scripts/release.mjs

@@ -174,22 +174,16 @@ function updateChangelog(version) {
 
   const today = new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 10);
   const escapedVer = version.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&");
-  const versionHeading = new RegExp(`^## \\[${escapedVer}\\](?:\\s|$)`, "m");
 
   // First: fill in any date-placeholder line for this version (e.g. "## [0.2.0] - 2026-09-XX")
   const versionPlaceholder = new RegExp(`^## \\[${escapedVer}\\]\\s*-\\s*\\d{4}-\\d{2}-XX`, "m");
   if (versionPlaceholder.test(content)) {
     content = content.replace(versionPlaceholder, `## [${version}] - ${today}`);
-  } else if (!versionHeading.test(content)) {
+  } else {
-    // Preserve prepared release entries; new versions go before the release history.
+    // Otherwise: insert a new section after [Unreleased]
-    const heading = `## [${version}] - ${today}`;
     const unreleased = /^## \[Unreleased\]/m;
     if (unreleased.test(content)) {
-      content = content.replace(unreleased, `## [Unreleased]\n\n${heading}`);
+      content = content.replace(unreleased, `## [Unreleased]\n\n## [${version}] - ${today}`);
-    } else if (/^## /m.test(content)) {
-      content = content.replace(/^## /m, `${heading}\n\n## `);
-    } else {
-      content = `${content.trimEnd()}\n\n${heading}\n`;
     }
   }
 

skill/SKILL.md

@@ -73,6 +73,28 @@ CSS-only hover menu looks like from here. It hovers a bounded set of likely trig
 few seconds and touches the live page; once you know which element hides the menu, `bsk hover <ref>`
 is cheaper and more precise.
 
+When `bsk observe` renders
+`@eN surface ... [visual-only; requires=image-understanding; ...]`, the ref identifies rendered
+canvas content that is not represented by the text observation, not an interactable DOM control.
+Keep using any reliable DOM/AX text and controls that appear alongside it. If you lack multimodal or
+image-reading capability, do not take a screenshot and pretend to know its contents, and never guess
+coordinates; tell the user that they need to switch to a model with image-understanding capability.
+
+If you can actually inspect image output, use `bsk screenshot --ref @eN --session <id>` to obtain
+the visible crop and its short-lived, single-use Surface capture id. Only when the task requires a
+point action and the image provides a clear target, bind that exact screenshot to the click command:
+
+```bash
+bsk click @eN --capture <capture-id> --image-x <px> --image-y <px> --session <id>
+```
+
+Coordinates are pixels in the returned capture image, not viewport CSS coordinates. Re-observing,
+navigating, scrolling, resizing, zooming, changing Frame projection, expiry, or reusing the capture
+makes the action fail; take a new Surface screenshot instead of adjusting or retrying coordinates.
+A point click does not reveal Canvas semantics and must not be followed by an assumed fill/press
+workflow. Without all three capture arguments, visual Surface refs remain screenshot-only and
+click/fill/hover/select reject them.
+
 Escalate page reading only as needed:
 
 1. `bsk observe` for normal semantic understanding, text, controls, and refs.
@@ -125,6 +147,7 @@ Required flags that are easy to get wrong:
 bsk fill <ref> --value <text>      bsk select <ref> --value <option-value>
 bsk screenshot --out <path>        bsk emulate --device <preset-id>
 bsk upload <ref> --file <path>     bsk download <ref> --out <path>
+bsk click <surface-ref> --capture <id> --image-x <px> --image-y <px>
 ```
 
 `select` matches an option's `value` attribute, not its visible label. Device preset ids are