fix(vom): fix repeat names

chore(release): extension 0.1.7

apps/extension/src/tools/__tests__/observation.test.ts

@@ -1656,7 +1656,7 @@ describe("buildVomScene", () => {
 
     const scene = buildVomScene(axNodes, captured);
     expect(scene.nodes.find((n) => n.id === 20)).toEqual(
-      expect.objectContaining({ id: 20, role: "generic", cursor: "pointer" }),
+      expect.objectContaining({ id: 20, role: "button", name: "close", cursor: "pointer" }),
     );
     const rendered = renderVom(scene);
     expect(rendered.text).toContain('@e1 button "close"');
@@ -1732,7 +1732,7 @@ describe("buildVomScene", () => {
     };
 
     const scene = buildVomScene(axNodes, captured);
-    expect(scene.nodes.find((n) => n.id === 20)?.role).toBe("generic");
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((n) => n.id === 20)).toBeUndefined();
     expect(scene.nodes.find((n) => n.id === 30)?.role).toBe("link");
   });
 
@@ -1801,9 +1801,9 @@ describe("buildVomScene", () => {
 
     const scene = buildVomScene(axNodes, captured);
     expect(scene.nodes.find((n) => n.id === 20)).toEqual(
-      expect.objectContaining({ id: 20, role: "generic", attrs: { "aria-label": "收藏" } }),
+      expect.objectContaining({ id: 20, role: "button", attrs: { "aria-label": "收藏" } }),
     );
-    expect(scene.nodes.find((n) => n.id === 30)?.role).toBe("generic");
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((n) => n.id === 30)).toBeUndefined();
     const rendered = renderVom(scene);
     expect(rendered.text).toContain('@e1 button "收藏"');
     expect(rendered.refs.map(({ ref, backendNodeId }) => ({ ref, backendNodeId }))).toEqual([
@@ -2131,7 +2131,7 @@ describe("buildVomScene", () => {
     });
 
     expect(scene.surfaces).toEqual([
-      { triggerId: 21, triggerAction: "hover", subItems: ["My profile", "Sign out"] },
+      { triggerId: 20, triggerAction: "hover", subItems: ["My profile", "Sign out"] },
     ]);
     expect(renderVom(scene).text).toContain(
       '@e1 button "image" [hover first: My profile | Sign out]',
@@ -3155,6 +3155,98 @@ describe("handleSnapshot", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("decorates live observations with active controlled content", async () => {
+    const strings = [
+      "html",
+      "body",
+      "button",
+      "div",
+      "#text",
+      "role",
+      "tab",
+      "aria-selected",
+      "true",
+      "aria-controls",
+      "reviews-panel",
+      "id",
+      "static",
+      "auto",
+      "visible",
+      "1",
+      "A detailed review",
+    ];
+    const index = (value: string) => strings.indexOf(value);
+    const style = [index("static"), index("auto"), index("auto"), index("visible"), index("1")];
+    const snapshot = {
+      strings,
+      documents: [
+        {
+          nodes: {
+            parentIndex: [-1, 0, 1, 1, 3],
+            nodeName: [index("html"), index("body"), index("button"), index("div"), index("#text")],
+            backendNodeId: [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
+            attributes: [
+              [],
+              [],
+              [
+                index("role"),
+                index("tab"),
+                index("aria-selected"),
+                index("true"),
+                index("aria-controls"),
+                index("reviews-panel"),
+              ],
+              [index("id"), index("reviews-panel")],
+              [],
+            ],
+            nodeValue: [-1, -1, -1, -1, index("A detailed review")],
+          },
+          layout: {
+            nodeIndex: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
+            styles: [style, style, style, style, style],
+            bounds: [
+              [0, 0, 1000, 800],
+              [0, 0, 1000, 800],
+              [20, 20, 120, 40],
+              [20, 80, 500, 200],
+              [20, 80, 200, 20],
+            ],
+            paintOrders: [0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    const ax: CdpAxNode[] = [
+      {
+        nodeId: "root",
+        backendDOMNodeId: 11,
+        role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+        childIds: ["reviews"],
+      },
+      {
+        nodeId: "reviews",
+        parentId: "root",
+        backendDOMNodeId: 12,
+        role: { type: "role", value: "tab" },
+        name: { type: "computedString", value: "Reviews" },
+        properties: [
+          { name: "selected", value: { value: true } },
+          { name: "controls", value: { value: "reviews-panel" } },
+        ],
+      },
+    ];
+
+    const result = await captureVomObservation(
+      makeOverlayDeps(ax, snapshot, VP_METRICS).cdp,
+      4,
+      "https://example.com",
+    );
+
+    expect(result.text).toContain('@e1 tab "Reviews"');
+    expect(result.text).toContain("[§ active: Reviews]");
+    expect(result.text).toContain("A detailed review");
+  });
+
   it("does not leak form secrets through the record-safe observation payload", async () => {
     const secrets = {
       email: "user@example.com",

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/__tests__/capture.test.ts

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ function fakeSnapshotReply() {
         },
         layout: {
           nodeIndex: [1, 2, 3],
-          // styles columns follow requested computedStyles order: [position, pointer-events]
+          // Legacy fixture: omitted style columns fall back to visible defaults.
           styles: [
             [i("static"), i("auto")],
             [i("fixed"), i("auto")],
@@ -682,6 +682,46 @@ describe("captureViewModel", () => {
     expect(nodes.find((n) => n.backendNodeId === 11)?.cursor).toBe("auto");
   });
 
+  it("captures painted visibility as DOM fallback evidence", async () => {
+    const S = ["html", "body", "button", "static", "auto", "visible", "hidden", "1", "0"];
+    const i = (value: string) => S.indexOf(value);
+    const snapshot = {
+      strings: S,
+      documents: [
+        {
+          nodes: {
+            parentIndex: [-1, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+            nodeName: [i("html"), i("body"), i("button"), i("button"), i("button")],
+            backendNodeId: [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
+            attributes: [[], [], [], [], []],
+          },
+          layout: {
+            nodeIndex: [1, 2, 3, 4],
+            styles: [
+              [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto"), i("visible"), i("1")],
+              [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto"), i("visible"), i("1")],
+              [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto"), i("hidden"), i("1")],
+              [i("static"), i("auto"), i("auto"), i("visible"), i("0")],
+            ],
+            bounds: [
+              [0, 0, 1000, 800],
+              [10, 10, 100, 30],
+              [10, 50, 100, 30],
+              [10, 90, 100, 30],
+            ],
+            paintOrders: [0, 1, 2, 3],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const { nodes } = await captureViewModel(makeCdp(snapshot), 4);
+
+    expect(nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 12)?.rendered).toBe(true);
+    expect(nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 13)?.rendered).toBe(false);
+    expect(nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 14)?.rendered).toBe(false);
+  });
+
   it("subtracts scroll offset to make rects viewport-relative", async () => {
     const cdp = {
       send: vi.fn(async (_t: number, method: string) => {

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/__tests__/frame-capture.test.ts

@@ -132,4 +132,67 @@ describe("captureFrameData", () => {
       ]),
     );
   });
+
+  it("keeps OOPIF semantics when viewport projection is unavailable", async () => {
+    const owner = { ...ownerNode(10, 50), rect: null, localRect: null };
+    const captured: CapturedViewModel = {
+      nodes: [owner],
+      viewport: { width: 1000, height: 800 },
+      iframeNodes: new Map(),
+      frameNodes: new Map([["main", [owner]]]),
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      excludedBackendNodeIds: new Set(),
+    };
+    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
+      send: vi.fn(async (_tabId, method) => {
+        if (method === "Accessibility.enable") return {};
+        if (method === "Accessibility.getFullAXTree") return { nodes: [] };
+        if (method === "DOM.getBoxModel") throw new Error("owner geometry unavailable");
+        if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") {
+          return { cssLayoutViewport: { clientWidth: 1000, clientHeight: 800 } };
+        }
+        throw new Error(`unexpected root ${method}`);
+      }) as CdpRunner["send"],
+      sendToTarget: vi.fn(async (_target, method) => {
+        if (method === "Page.getLayoutMetrics") throw new Error("viewport unavailable");
+        if (method === "DOMSnapshot.enable" || method === "Accessibility.enable") return {};
+        if (method === "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot") return childSnapshot("child", 101);
+        if (method === "Accessibility.getFullAXTree") {
+          return {
+            nodes: [
+              {
+                nodeId: "button",
+                backendDOMNodeId: 101,
+                role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+                name: { type: "computedString", value: "Continue" },
+              },
+            ],
+          };
+        }
+        throw new Error(`unexpected ${method}`);
+      }) as unknown as NonNullable<CdpRunner["sendToTarget"]>,
+      getFrameGraph: vi.fn(async () => ({
+        rootFrameId: "main",
+        frames: [
+          { frameId: "main", target: { tabId: 4 } },
+          {
+            frameId: "child",
+            parentFrameId: "main",
+            ownerBackendNodeId: 10,
+            target: { tabId: 4, sessionId: "child-session" },
+          },
+        ],
+      })),
+    };
+
+    const documents = await captureFrameData(cdp, 4, captured);
+    const childDocument = documents.find((document) => document.frameId === "child");
+
+    expect(childDocument?.axNodes).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ backendDOMNodeId: 101, frameId: "child" }),
+    ]);
+    expect(childDocument?.domNodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 101)).toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({ rect: null, localRect: { x: 10, y: 20, w: 100, h: 40 } }),
+    );
+  });
 });

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/__tests__/name-enrichment.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { CdpTarget } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
+import type { CdpRunner } from "../../shared";
+import type { CapturedNode } from "../capture";
+import type { FrameDocument, FrameOwnedAxNode } from "../frame-document";
+import { probeTooltipNames } from "../name-enrichment";
+import { buildSemanticGraph, resolveSemanticGraph } from "../semantic-graph";
+import { stableIdentifierName } from "../semantic-graph/name-evidence";
+import { frameBackendKey } from "../semantic-graph/types";
+
+function document(
+  target: CdpTarget,
+  backendNodeId: number,
+  accessibleName?: string,
+  frameId = "child",
+  x = 10,
+): FrameDocument<FrameOwnedAxNode> {
+  const node: CapturedNode = {
+    backendNodeId,
+    parentBackendNodeId: null,
+    frameId,
+    tag: "button",
+    attrs: {
+      id: "toolInsertRecord",
+      "data-test-id": "toolInsertRecord",
+      ...(accessibleName ? { "aria-label": accessibleName } : {}),
+    },
+    rect: { x, y: 20, w: 40, h: 30 },
+    localRect: { x: 2, y: 3, w: 40, h: 30 },
+    paintOrder: 1,
+    position: "static",
+    pointerEvents: "auto",
+    cursor: "pointer",
+  };
+  return {
+    frameId,
+    parentFrameId: "main",
+    contextScopeId: "child",
+    target,
+    axNodes: [],
+    domNodes: [node],
+    url: "https://example.com/frame",
+  };
+}
+
+function semantics(documents: FrameDocument<FrameOwnedAxNode>[]) {
+  return resolveSemanticGraph(
+    buildSemanticGraph({
+      documents,
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: documents[0]?.frameId,
+    }),
+    { identifierFallback: false },
+  );
+}
+
+describe("tooltip name enrichment", () => {
+  it("uses the owning frame target and upgrades an identifier name from a tooltip", async () => {
+    const target = { tabId: 7, sessionId: "oopif-session" };
+    let hovered = false;
+    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
+      send: vi.fn(async (_tabId, method, params) => {
+        if (method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent") {
+          hovered = (params as { x?: number }).x === 30;
+        }
+        return {};
+      }) as CdpRunner["send"],
+      sendToTarget: vi.fn(async (_target, method) => {
+        if (method === "Page.createIsolatedWorld") return { executionContextId: 11 };
+        if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") return { object: { objectId: "button-501" } };
+        if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn") {
+          return { result: { value: hovered ? ["插入行"] : [] } };
+        }
+        return {};
+      }) as CdpRunner["sendToTarget"],
+    };
+
+    const documents = [document(target, 501)];
+    const graph = semantics(documents);
+    const names = await probeTooltipNames(cdp, 7, documents, graph);
+
+    expect(names.get(frameBackendKey("child", 501))).toBe("插入行");
+    expect(cdp.sendToTarget).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      target,
+      "Page.createIsolatedWorld",
+      expect.objectContaining({ frameId: "child" }),
+    );
+
+    const sendsBeforeCache = vi.mocked(cdp.send).mock.calls.length;
+    const targetSendsBeforeCache = vi.mocked(
+      cdp.sendToTarget as NonNullable<CdpRunner["sendToTarget"]>,
+    ).mock.calls.length;
+    const cached = await probeTooltipNames(cdp, 7, documents, graph);
+    expect(cached.get(frameBackendKey("child", 501))).toBe("插入行");
+    expect(cdp.send).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(sendsBeforeCache);
+    expect(cdp.sendToTarget).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(targetSendsBeforeCache);
+  });
+
+  it("does not probe controls that already have a higher-confidence name", async () => {
+    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
+      send: vi.fn(async () => ({})) as CdpRunner["send"],
+      sendToTarget: vi.fn(async () => ({ executionContextId: 12 })) as CdpRunner["sendToTarget"],
+    };
+
+    const documents = [document({ tabId: 8 }, 601, "Add a new record")];
+    const names = await probeTooltipNames(cdp, 8, documents, semantics(documents));
+
+    expect(names.size).toBe(0);
+    expect(cdp.send).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(cdp.sendToTarget).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("does not collect supplemental names from form controls", async () => {
+    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
+      send: vi.fn(async () => ({})) as CdpRunner["send"],
+      sendToTarget: vi.fn(async () => ({ executionContextId: 12 })) as CdpRunner["sendToTarget"],
+    };
+    const inputDocument = document({ tabId: 8 }, 602);
+    inputDocument.domNodes[0] = {
+      ...inputDocument.domNodes[0],
+      tag: "input",
+      attrs: { type: "email" },
+      formValue: "user@example.com",
+      formDefaultValue: "",
+      formState: "filled",
+    };
+
+    const names = await probeTooltipNames(cdp, 8, [inputDocument], semantics([inputDocument]));
+
+    expect(names.size).toBe(0);
+    expect(cdp.send).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(cdp.sendToTarget).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("keeps tooltip evidence isolated across sibling frame sessions", async () => {
+    let hoveredX = -10;
+    const cdp: CdpRunner = {
+      send: vi.fn(async (_tabId, method, params) => {
+        if (method === "Input.dispatchMouseEvent") {
+          hoveredX = (params as { x: number }).x;
+        }
+        return {};
+      }) as CdpRunner["send"],
+      sendToTarget: vi.fn(async (target, method, params) => {
+        if (method === "Page.createIsolatedWorld") {
+          return { executionContextId: target.sessionId === "left-session" ? 21 : 22 };
+        }
+        if (method === "DOM.resolveNode") {
+          return { object: { objectId: target.sessionId === "left-session" ? "left" : "right" } };
+        }
+        if (method === "Runtime.callFunctionOn") {
+          const objectId = (params as { objectId: string }).objectId;
+          const value =
+            objectId === "left" && hoveredX === 30
+              ? ["Left action"]
+              : objectId === "right" && hoveredX === 130
+                ? ["Right action"]
+                : [];
+          return { result: { value } };
+        }
+        return {};
+      }) as CdpRunner["sendToTarget"],
+    };
+    const documents = [
+      document({ tabId: 9, sessionId: "left-session" }, 701, undefined, "left", 10),
+      document({ tabId: 9, sessionId: "right-session" }, 701, undefined, "right", 110),
+    ];
+
+    const names = await probeTooltipNames(cdp, 9, documents, semantics(documents));
+
+    expect(names.get(frameBackendKey("left", 701))).toBe("Left action");
+    expect(names.get(frameBackendKey("right", 701))).toBe("Right action");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("stable identifier evidence", () => {
+  it("accepts readable action identifiers and rejects framework-generated ids", () => {
+    expect(stableIdentifierName({ id: "toolInsertRecord" })).toBe("Insert record");
+    expect(stableIdentifierName({ id: "reactivateAccount" })).toBe("Reactivate account");
+    expect(stableIdentifierName({ id: "headlessui-menu-button-r1" })).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(stableIdentifierName({ id: "7f15a3bc91" })).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+});

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/__tests__/semantic-graph.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+import { isVomReferenceNode, renderVom } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import type { CapturedNode } from "../capture";
+import type { FrameDocument } from "../frame-document";
+import { buildSemanticVomScene, type SemanticAxNode } from "../semantic-graph";
+
+function dom(
+  backendNodeId: number,
+  parentBackendNodeId: number | null,
+  tag: string,
+  attrs: Record<string, string> = {},
+  textContent?: string,
+): CapturedNode {
+  return {
+    backendNodeId,
+    parentBackendNodeId,
+    tag,
+    attrs,
+    rect: { x: 0, y: 0, w: 100, h: 30 },
+    paintOrder: backendNodeId,
+    position: "static",
+    pointerEvents: "auto",
+    ...(textContent ? { textContent } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+function document(
+  frameId: string,
+  axNodes: SemanticAxNode[],
+  domNodes: CapturedNode[],
+  frame?: Pick<FrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>, "parentFrameId" | "ownerBackendNodeId">,
+): FrameDocument<SemanticAxNode> {
+  return {
+    frameId,
+    contextScopeId: frameId,
+    target: { tabId: 1 },
+    axNodes,
+    domNodes,
+    ...frame,
+  };
+}
+
+describe("semantic VOM graph", () => {
+  it("preserves backend-less AX structure without making it referenceable", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["toolbar"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "toolbar",
+              parentId: "root",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "toolbar" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Formatting" },
+              childIds: ["bold", "italic"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "bold",
+              parentId: "toolbar",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Bold" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "italic",
+              parentId: "toolbar",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Italic" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(1, null, "body"), dom(2, 1, "button"), dom(3, 1, "button")],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const toolbar = scene.nodes.find((node) => node.role === "toolbar");
+    const buttons = scene.nodes.filter((node) => node.role === "button");
+    expect(toolbar).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ name: "Formatting", referenceable: false }));
+    expect(buttons.map((node) => node.parentId)).toEqual([toolbar?.id, toolbar?.id]);
+    expect(toolbar && isVomReferenceNode(toolbar)).toBe(false);
+    expect(renderVom(scene).refs.map((ref) => ref.backendNodeId)).toEqual([2, 3]);
+  });
+
+  it("resolves missing AX names through one DOM naming pipeline", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["labelled", "titled", "text"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "labelled",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "titled",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "text",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 4,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [
+            dom(1, null, "body"),
+            dom(2, 1, "button", { "aria-label": "Add row" }),
+            dom(3, 1, "button", { title: "Settings" }),
+            dom(4, 1, "button"),
+            dom(5, 4, "span", {}, "Save"),
+          ],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(scene.nodes.filter((node) => node.role === "button").map((node) => node.name)).toEqual([
+      "Add row",
+      "Settings",
+      "Save",
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("aggregates AX text at the semantic text frontier", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["covered", "inline-only", "repeated", "labelled"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "covered",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "paragraph" },
+              childIds: ["covered-static"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "covered-static",
+              parentId: "covered",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "StaticText" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Covered text" },
+              childIds: ["covered-inline"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "covered-inline",
+              parentId: "covered-static",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "InlineTextBox" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Covered text" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "inline-only",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "paragraph" },
+              childIds: ["inline-leaf"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "inline-leaf",
+              parentId: "inline-only",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "InlineTextBox" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Inline fallback" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "repeated",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 4,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "paragraph" },
+              childIds: ["first-go", "second-go"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "first-go",
+              parentId: "repeated",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "StaticText" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Go" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "second-go",
+              parentId: "repeated",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "StaticText" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Go" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "labelled",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 5,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              childIds: ["visible-label"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "visible-label",
+              parentId: "labelled",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "StaticText" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Visible text" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [
+            dom(1, null, "body"),
+            dom(2, 1, "p"),
+            dom(3, 1, "p"),
+            dom(4, 1, "p"),
+            dom(5, 1, "button", { "aria-label": "Explicit action" }),
+          ],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 2)?.name).toBe("Covered text");
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 3)?.name).toBe("Inline fallback");
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 4)?.name).toBe("Go Go");
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 5)?.name).toBe("Explicit action");
+    expect(renderVom(scene).text).not.toContain("Covered text Covered text");
+  });
+
+  it("uses stable identifiers only as a final name fallback", () => {
+    const base = document(
+      "main",
+      [
+        {
+          nodeId: "root",
+          backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+          role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+          childIds: ["fallback", "labelled", "container"],
+        },
+        {
+          nodeId: "fallback",
+          parentId: "root",
+          backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+          role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+        },
+        {
+          nodeId: "labelled",
+          parentId: "root",
+          backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+          role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+          name: { type: "computedString", value: "Localized name" },
+        },
+        {
+          nodeId: "container",
+          parentId: "root",
+          backendDOMNodeId: 4,
+          role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+        },
+      ],
+      [
+        dom(1, null, "body"),
+        dom(2, 1, "button", { "data-test-id": "toolInsertRecord" }),
+        dom(3, 1, "button", { id: "toolIgnoredFallback" }),
+        dom(4, 1, "div", { id: "toolbarContainer" }),
+      ],
+    );
+    const staticScene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [base],
+    });
+    const enrichedScene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [base],
+      supplementalNames: new Map([["main\u00002", "插入行"]]),
+    });
+
+    expect(staticScene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 2)?.name).toBe("Insert record");
+    expect(staticScene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 3)?.name).toBe("Localized name");
+    expect(staticScene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 4)?.name).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(enrichedScene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 2)?.name).toBe("插入行");
+    expect(enrichedScene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 3)?.name).toBe(
+      "Localized name",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("isolates equal backend node ids in sibling frames", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 1000, height: 800 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["owner-a", "owner-b"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "owner-a",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 10,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "Iframe" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "owner-b",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 20,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "Iframe" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(1, null, "body"), dom(10, 1, "iframe"), dom(20, 1, "iframe")],
+        ),
+        document(
+          "frame-a",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "button-a",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 5,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              childIds: ["text-a"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "text-a",
+              parentId: "button-a",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "StaticText" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Accept" },
+              childIds: ["inline-a"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "inline-a",
+              parentId: "text-a",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "InlineTextBox" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Accept" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(5, null, "button")],
+          { parentFrameId: "main", ownerBackendNodeId: 10 },
+        ),
+        document(
+          "frame-b",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "button-b",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 5,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              childIds: ["text-b"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "text-b",
+              parentId: "button-b",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "StaticText" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Decline" },
+              childIds: ["inline-b"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "inline-b",
+              parentId: "text-b",
+              role: { type: "role", value: "InlineTextBox" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Decline" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(5, null, "button")],
+          { parentFrameId: "main", ownerBackendNodeId: 20 },
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const frameButtons = scene.nodes.filter((node) => node.backendNodeId === 5);
+    const owners = new Map(
+      scene.nodes
+        .filter((node) => node.backendNodeId === 10 || node.backendNodeId === 20)
+        .map((node) => [node.backendNodeId, node.id]),
+    );
+    expect(frameButtons.map((node) => node.frameId)).toEqual(["frame-a", "frame-b"]);
+    expect(frameButtons.map((node) => node.name)).toEqual(["Accept", "Decline"]);
+    expect(frameButtons.map((node) => node.parentId)).toEqual([owners.get(10), owners.get(20)]);
+    expect(renderVom(scene).refs.map((ref) => [ref.frameId, ref.backendNodeId])).toEqual([
+      ["frame-a", 5],
+      ["frame-b", 5],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("requires render evidence before promoting DOM fallback semantics", () => {
+    const hiddenOwner = {
+      ...dom(10, 1, "iframe", { hidden: "" }),
+      rect: null,
+      localRect: null,
+      rendered: false,
+    };
+    const hiddenButton = {
+      ...dom(2, 1, "button", { "aria-label": "Hidden action" }),
+      rendered: false,
+    };
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(1, null, "body"), hiddenButton, hiddenOwner],
+        ),
+        document("hidden-frame", [], [dom(20, null, "button", {}, "Frame action")], {
+          parentFrameId: "main",
+          ownerBackendNodeId: 10,
+        }),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(scene.nodes.some((node) => node.backendNodeId === 2)).toBe(false);
+    expect(scene.nodes.some((node) => node.backendNodeId === 10)).toBe(false);
+    expect(scene.nodes.some((node) => node.frameId === "hidden-frame")).toBe(false);
+    expect(renderVom(scene).refs).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("retains rendered DOM fallback controls when AX semantics are unavailable", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [],
+          [dom(1, null, "body"), { ...dom(2, 1, "button", {}, "Save"), rendered: true }],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(renderVom(scene).refs).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ backendNodeId: 2, role: "button", name: "Save" }),
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("lets explicit DOM structure override ignored AX metadata", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["toolbar"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "toolbar",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              ignored: true,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+              childIds: ["wrapper"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "wrapper",
+              parentId: "toolbar",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 5,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+              childIds: ["bold", "italic"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "bold",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Bold" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "italic",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 4,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Italic" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [
+            dom(1, null, "body"),
+            dom(2, 1, "div", { role: "toolbar" }),
+            dom(5, 2, "div"),
+            dom(3, 5, "button"),
+            dom(4, 5, "button"),
+          ],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const toolbar = scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 2);
+    const buttons = scene.nodes.filter((node) => [3, 4].includes(node.backendNodeId ?? -1));
+    expect(toolbar).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ role: "toolbar" }));
+    expect(toolbar && isVomReferenceNode(toolbar)).toBe(false);
+    expect(scene.nodes.some((node) => node.role === "group")).toBe(false);
+    expect(buttons.map((node) => node.parentId)).toEqual([toolbar?.id, toolbar?.id]);
+  });
+
+  it("infers an unnamed group only from independent interaction branches", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["wrapper"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "wrapper",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+              childIds: ["first", "second"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "first",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "First" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "second",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 4,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Second" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(1, null, "body"), dom(2, 1, "div"), dom(3, 2, "button"), dom(4, 2, "button")],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const group = scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 2);
+    const buttons = scene.nodes.filter((node) => [3, 4].includes(node.backendNodeId ?? -1));
+    expect(group).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ role: "group" }));
+    expect(group?.name).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(group && isVomReferenceNode(group)).toBe(false);
+    expect(buttons.map((node) => node.parentId)).toEqual([group?.id, group?.id]);
+
+    const rendered = renderVom(scene);
+    const lines = rendered.text.split("\n");
+    const groupLine = lines.findIndex((line) => line.trim() === "group");
+    expect(groupLine).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+    for (const ref of rendered.refs) {
+      expect(ref.line).toBeGreaterThan(groupLine);
+      expect(lines[ref.line]).toMatch(/^\s+@e\d+ button/);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("never promotes a form value into its semantic name through supplemental evidence", () => {
+    const secret = "user@example.com";
+    const input = {
+      ...dom(2, 1, "input", { type: "email" }),
+      formValue: secret,
+      formDefaultValue: "",
+      formState: "filled" as const,
+    };
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      supplementalNames: new Map([["main\u00002", secret]]),
+      identifierFallback: false,
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["email"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "email",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "textbox" },
+              value: { value: secret },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(1, null, "body"), input],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const field = scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 2);
+    expect(field?.name).toBeUndefined();
+    const rendered = renderVom(scene, { redactValues: true });
+    expect(rendered.text).toContain("•••");
+    expect(JSON.stringify(rendered)).not.toContain(secret);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps uncertain single-branch wrappers flat", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["wrapper"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "wrapper",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+              childIds: ["button"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "button",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Only action" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [dom(1, null, "body"), dom(2, 1, "div"), dom(3, 2, "button")],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(scene.nodes.some((node) => node.role === "group")).toBe(false);
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 3)?.parentId).toBe(
+      scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 1)?.id,
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("does not infer across mixed content boundaries", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["wrapper"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "wrapper",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+              childIds: ["first", "second", "paragraph"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "first",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "First" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "second",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 4,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Second" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "paragraph",
+              parentId: "wrapper",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 5,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "paragraph" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [
+            dom(1, null, "body"),
+            dom(2, 1, "div"),
+            dom(3, 2, "button"),
+            dom(4, 2, "button"),
+            dom(5, 2, "p", {}, "Description"),
+          ],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(scene.nodes.some((node) => node.role === "group")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps only the innermost reliable inferred group", () => {
+    const scene = buildSemanticVomScene({
+      viewport: { width: 800, height: 600 },
+      rootFrameId: "main",
+      documents: [
+        document(
+          "main",
+          [
+            {
+              nodeId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 1,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "RootWebArea" },
+              childIds: ["outer"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "outer",
+              parentId: "root",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 2,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+              childIds: ["inner", "third"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "inner",
+              parentId: "outer",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 3,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "generic" },
+              childIds: ["first", "second"],
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "first",
+              parentId: "inner",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 4,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "First" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "second",
+              parentId: "inner",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 5,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Second" },
+            },
+            {
+              nodeId: "third",
+              parentId: "outer",
+              backendDOMNodeId: 6,
+              role: { type: "role", value: "button" },
+              name: { type: "computedString", value: "Third" },
+            },
+          ],
+          [
+            dom(1, null, "body"),
+            dom(2, 1, "div"),
+            dom(3, 2, "div"),
+            dom(4, 3, "button"),
+            dom(5, 3, "button"),
+            dom(6, 2, "button"),
+          ],
+        ),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    const groups = scene.nodes.filter((node) => node.role === "group");
+    expect(groups.map((node) => node.backendNodeId)).toEqual([3]);
+    expect(scene.nodes.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === 6)?.parentId).not.toBe(groups[0]?.id);
+  });
+});

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/capture.ts

@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 // CDP capture adapter: DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot + Page.getLayoutMetrics
 // → CapturedNode[] + Viewport. This is the ONLY VOM module that touches
 // raw CDP. The captureSnapshot reply is columnar (parallel arrays + a
-// shared string table); we request exactly three computed styles so the
-// `styles` columns are [position, pointer-events, cursor] in that order.
+// shared string table); requested computed styles are decoded through
+// STYLE_COL so capture and visibility policy share one explicit contract.
 
 import type { Rect, Viewport } from "@browser-skill/vom";
 import { evaluateHoverTrigger } from "@/lib/hover-trigger-policy";
 import { isOverlayHostNode, OVERLAY_HOST_SELECTOR } from "../../lib/overlay-bridge";
 import { childFrameProjection, type GeometryProjection, projectRectToViewport } from "../geometry";
 import type { CdpRunner } from "../shared";
+import { clearHover, waitForHover } from "./hover-perception";
 
-const REQUESTED_STYLES = ["position", "pointer-events", "cursor"] as const;
+const REQUESTED_STYLES = ["position", "pointer-events", "cursor", "visibility", "opacity"] as const;
 const STYLE_COL = Object.fromEntries(
   REQUESTED_STYLES.map((name, index) => [name, index]),
 ) as Record<(typeof REQUESTED_STYLES)[number], number>;
@@ -38,6 +39,12 @@ export interface CapturedNode {
    * `textContent`: the live parser always sets it, hand-built fixtures may not.
    */
   cursor?: string;
+  /**
+   * Whether the live DOM snapshot provides a painted, non-hidden box for this
+   * node. Semantic resolution uses this only for DOM fallback nodes; AX-backed
+   * nodes remain authoritative even when they are outside the viewport.
+   */
+  rendered?: boolean;
   textContent?: string;
   formState?: "empty" | "filled" | "default";
   formValue?: string;
@@ -460,36 +467,6 @@ function hoverStateExpression(): string {
   })()`;
 }
 
-async function wait(ms: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
-  throwIfAborted(signal);
-  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-      signal?.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
-      resolve();
-    }, ms);
-    const onAbort = () => {
-      clearTimeout(timer);
-      signal?.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
-      reject(captureAbortError());
-    };
-    signal?.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
-  });
-}
-
-async function clearHover(cdp: CdpRunner, tabId: number): Promise<void> {
-  await cdp
-    .send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
-      type: "mouseMoved",
-      x: -10,
-      y: -10,
-    })
-    .catch(() =>
-      cdp.send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", { type: "mouseMoved", x: 0, y: 0 }).catch(() => {
-        // best effort
-      }),
-    );
-}
-
 function capturedText(node: CapturedNode): string | undefined {
   const value =
     node.attrs["aria-label"] ?? node.attrs.title ?? node.attrs.alt ?? node.textContent ?? "";
@@ -669,7 +646,7 @@ async function probeHoverSurfaces(
         try {
           await clearHover(cdp, tabId);
           throwIfAborted(options.signal);
-          await wait(HOVER_SETTLE_MS, options.signal);
+          await waitForHover(HOVER_SETTLE_MS, options.signal);
           const baselineReply = await cdp.send<RuntimeEvaluateReply>(tabId, "Runtime.evaluate", {
             expression: hoverStateExpression(),
             returnByValue: true,
@@ -684,7 +661,7 @@ async function probeHoverSurfaces(
             y: candidate.y,
           });
           throwIfAborted(options.signal);
-          await wait(HOVER_SETTLE_MS, options.signal);
+          await waitForHover(HOVER_SETTLE_MS, options.signal);
           const collected = await cdp.send<RuntimeEvaluateReply>(tabId, "Runtime.evaluate", {
             expression: hoverStateExpression(),
             returnByValue: true,
@@ -817,6 +794,8 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
   const posCol = STYLE_COL.position;
   const peCol = STYLE_COL["pointer-events"];
   const cursorCol = STYLE_COL.cursor;
+  const visibilityCol = STYLE_COL.visibility;
+  const opacityCol = STYLE_COL.opacity;
   const inputValues = sparseIndexMap(dn.inputValue);
   const textValues = sparseIndexMap(dn.textValue);
   const checkedInputs = new Set(dn.inputChecked?.index ?? []);
@@ -861,6 +840,7 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
     let position = "static";
     let pointerEvents = "auto";
     let cursor = "auto";
+    let rendered = false;
     const li = layoutByNode.get(n);
     if (li !== undefined) {
       const b = dl?.bounds?.[li];
@@ -881,6 +861,13 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
       position = str(strings, styleRow[posCol]) || "static";
       pointerEvents = str(strings, styleRow[peCol]) || "auto";
       cursor = str(strings, styleRow[cursorCol]) || "auto";
+      const visibility = str(strings, styleRow[visibilityCol]) || "visible";
+      const opacity = str(strings, styleRow[opacityCol]) || "1";
+      rendered =
+        localRect !== null &&
+        visibility !== "hidden" &&
+        visibility !== "collapse" &&
+        (Number.parseFloat(opacity) || 0) > 0;
     }
 
     // Skip non-element nodes (#text, #cdata-section, etc.) — they carry no
@@ -916,6 +903,7 @@ function parseDocumentNodes(
       position,
       pointerEvents,
       cursor,
+      rendered,
       textContent,
       ...(formValue !== undefined ? { formValue } : {}),
       ...(tag === "input" || tag === "textarea"
@@ -1020,7 +1008,13 @@ export async function captureViewModel(
   options: CaptureViewModelOptions = {},
 ): Promise<CapturedViewModel> {
   throwIfAborted(options.signal);
-  const metrics = await cdp.send<LayoutMetricsReply>(tabId, "Page.getLayoutMetrics", {});
+  let metrics: LayoutMetricsReply = {};
+  try {
+    metrics = await cdp.send<LayoutMetricsReply>(tabId, "Page.getLayoutMetrics", {});
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (isAbortError(error)) throw error;
+    console.debug("[bsk capture] layout metrics unavailable", error);
+  }
   throwIfAborted(options.signal);
   const dpr = devicePixelRatio(metrics);
   const vpSrc = metrics.cssLayoutViewport ?? metrics.layoutViewport ?? {};

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/frame-capture.ts

@@ -33,25 +33,19 @@ async function discoverFrameGraph(cdp: CdpRunner, tabId: number): Promise<CdpFra
 
 function transformFrameNodes(
   nodes: CapturedNode[],
-  projection: GeometryProjection,
+  projection: GeometryProjection | null,
 ): CapturedNode[] {
   return nodes.map((node) => ({
     ...node,
-    rect: (() => {
-      const bounds = projectRectToViewport(node.rect, projection);
-      return bounds ? { x: bounds.x, y: bounds.y, w: bounds.width, h: bounds.height } : null;
-    })(),
+    rect: projection
+      ? (() => {
+          const bounds = projectRectToViewport(node.rect, projection);
+          return bounds ? { x: bounds.x, y: bounds.y, w: bounds.width, h: bounds.height } : null;
+        })()
+      : null,
   }));
 }
 
-function frameOwnerNode(captured: CapturedViewModel, frame: CdpFrame): CapturedNode | undefined {
-  if (frame.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) return undefined;
-  const parentNodes = frame.parentFrameId
-    ? captured.frameNodes?.get(frame.parentFrameId)
-    : captured.nodes;
-  return parentNodes?.find((node) => node.backendNodeId === frame.ownerBackendNodeId);
-}
-
 async function captureMissingFrameDocuments(
   cdp: CdpRunner,
   tabId: number,
@@ -65,14 +59,20 @@ async function captureMissingFrameDocuments(
 
   for (const frame of graph.frames) {
     if (!frame.target.sessionId || captured.frameNodes.has(frame.frameId)) continue;
-    const owner = frameOwnerNode(captured, frame);
-    if (!owner?.rect || frame.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) continue;
     try {
       const child = await captureViewModel(cdpRunnerForTarget(cdp, frame.target), tabId, {
         signal,
       });
-      const projection = await resolveFrameProjection(cdp, graph, frame.frameId);
-      if (!projection) continue;
+      let projection: GeometryProjection | null = null;
+      try {
+        projection = await resolveFrameProjection(cdp, graph, frame.frameId);
+      } catch (err) {
+        if (isAbortError(err)) throw err;
+        console.debug("[bsk observation] child frame geometry projection failed", {
+          frameId: frame.frameId,
+          err,
+        });
+      }
       const rootFrameId = child.rootFrameId ?? frame.frameId;
       const childFrames = child.frameNodes ?? new Map<string, CapturedNode[]>();
       if (!childFrames.has(rootFrameId)) childFrames.set(rootFrameId, child.nodes);
@@ -85,11 +85,13 @@ async function captureMissingFrameDocuments(
       for (const [childFrameId, nodes] of childFrames) {
         captured.frameNodes.set(childFrameId, transformFrameNodes(nodes, projection));
       }
-      captured.iframeNodes.set(
-        frame.ownerBackendNodeId,
-        captured.frameNodes.get(frame.frameId) ?? [],
-      );
-      captured.frameOwnerBackendNodeIds.set(frame.frameId, frame.ownerBackendNodeId);
+      if (frame.ownerBackendNodeId !== undefined) {
+        captured.iframeNodes.set(
+          frame.ownerBackendNodeId,
+          captured.frameNodes.get(frame.frameId) ?? [],
+        );
+        captured.frameOwnerBackendNodeIds.set(frame.frameId, frame.ownerBackendNodeId);
+      }
       if (frame.parentFrameId) captured.frameParentIds.set(frame.frameId, frame.parentFrameId);
       for (const [childFrameId, ownerBackendNodeId] of child.frameOwnerBackendNodeIds ?? []) {
         captured.frameOwnerBackendNodeIds.set(childFrameId, ownerBackendNodeId);

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/hover-perception.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import type { CdpRunner } from "../shared";
+
+function abortError(): Error {
+  const error = new Error("hover perception aborted");
+  error.name = "AbortError";
+  return error;
+}
+
+export async function waitForHover(ms: number, signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
+  if (signal?.aborted) throw abortError();
+  await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      signal?.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
+      resolve();
+    }, ms);
+    const onAbort = () => {
+      clearTimeout(timer);
+      signal?.removeEventListener("abort", onAbort);
+      reject(abortError());
+    };
+    signal?.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
+  });
+}
+
+export async function clearHover(cdp: CdpRunner, tabId: number): Promise<void> {
+  await cdp
+    .send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
+      type: "mouseMoved",
+      x: -10,
+      y: -10,
+    })
+    .catch(() =>
+      cdp.send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", { type: "mouseMoved", x: 0, y: 0 }).catch(() => {
+        // Best effort cleanup.
+      }),
+    );
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/name-enrichment.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+import { isVomReferenceNode } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import { type CdpRunner, sendToCdpTarget } from "../shared";
+import type { FrameDocument, FrameOwnedAxNode } from "./frame-document";
+import { clearHover, waitForHover } from "./hover-perception";
+import { stableIdentifierName } from "./semantic-graph/name-evidence";
+import { frameBackendKey, type ResolvedSemanticGraph } from "./semantic-graph/types";
+
+const MAX_TOOLTIP_CANDIDATES = 8;
+const MAX_TOOLTIP_PROBE_MS = 2_400;
+const TOOLTIP_SETTLE_MS = 250;
+const CACHE_TTL_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+const MAX_CACHE_ENTRIES = 500;
+const FORM_CONTROL_TAGS = new Set(["input", "select", "textarea"]);
+
+interface TooltipCacheEntry {
+  name: string;
+  expiresAt: number;
+}
+
+interface TooltipCandidate<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode> {
+  document: FrameDocument<T>;
+  backendNodeId: number;
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+  stableIdentifier: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface TooltipNameProbeOptions {
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
+  hoverProbeBypassOverlay?: (tabId: number, enabled: boolean) => Promise<void>;
+}
+
+const tooltipCache = new Map<string, TooltipCacheEntry>();
+
+function cacheKey<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  document: FrameDocument<T>,
+  backendNodeId: number,
+): string {
+  return `${document.target.tabId}\u0000${document.frameId}\u0000${document.url ?? ""}\u0000${backendNodeId}`;
+}
+
+function cachedName<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  document: FrameDocument<T>,
+  backendNodeId: number,
+): string | undefined {
+  const key = cacheKey(document, backendNodeId);
+  const entry = tooltipCache.get(key);
+  if (!entry) return undefined;
+  if (entry.expiresAt <= Date.now()) {
+    tooltipCache.delete(key);
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  return entry.name;
+}
+
+function storeName<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  document: FrameDocument<T>,
+  backendNodeId: number,
+  name: string,
+): void {
+  if (tooltipCache.size >= MAX_CACHE_ENTRIES) {
+    const oldest = tooltipCache.keys().next().value;
+    if (oldest !== undefined) tooltipCache.delete(oldest);
+  }
+  tooltipCache.set(cacheKey(document, backendNodeId), {
+    name,
+    expiresAt: Date.now() + CACHE_TTL_MS,
+  });
+}
+
+function tooltipCollectorFunction(): string {
+  return `function() {
+    const ownRoot = this && typeof this.getRootNode === "function" ? this.getRootNode() : null;
+    const roots = ownRoot && ownRoot !== document ? [ownRoot, document] : [document];
+    const items = [];
+    const seen = new Set();
+    for (const root of roots) {
+      for (const el of Array.from(root.querySelectorAll("[role='tooltip']"))) {
+        const style = getComputedStyle(el);
+        const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
+        if (rect.width <= 0 || rect.height <= 0) continue;
+        if (style.display === "none" || style.visibility === "hidden" || style.opacity === "0") continue;
+        const text = String(el.getAttribute("aria-label") || el.getAttribute("title") || el.textContent || "")
+          .replace(/\\s+/g, " ")
+          .trim();
+        if (!text || text.length > 160 || seen.has(text)) continue;
+        seen.add(text);
+        items.push(text);
+      }
+    }
+    return items.slice(0, 20);
+  }`;
+}
+
+function cleanTooltipDiff(before: string[], after: string[]): string | undefined {
+  const existing = new Set(before.map((value) => value.toLowerCase()));
+  const added = [...new Set(after.map((value) => value.replace(/\s+/g, " ").trim()))].filter(
+    (value) => value && !existing.has(value.toLowerCase()),
+  );
+  return added.length === 1 ? added[0] : undefined;
+}
+
+function candidates<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  documents: FrameDocument<T>[],
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+): TooltipCandidate<T>[] {
+  const documentByFrame = new Map(documents.map((document) => [document.frameId, document]));
+  const byFrame = new Map<string, TooltipCandidate<T>[]>();
+  for (const node of graph.nodes.values()) {
+    if (
+      node.vom.name ||
+      FORM_CONTROL_TAGS.has(node.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "") ||
+      !node.referenceable ||
+      node.backendNodeId === undefined ||
+      !isVomReferenceNode({
+        ...node.vom,
+        id: 0,
+        parentId: null,
+        backendNodeId: node.backendNodeId,
+        frameId: node.frameId,
+        referenceable: true,
+      })
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const document = documentByFrame.get(node.frameId);
+    const rect = node.dom?.rect;
+    if (!document || !rect || rect.w <= 0 || rect.h <= 0) continue;
+    if (
+      rect.x + rect.w <= 0 ||
+      rect.y + rect.h <= 0 ||
+      rect.x >= graph.viewport.width ||
+      rect.y >= graph.viewport.height
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (
+      node.vom.disabled ||
+      node.vom.inert ||
+      node.vom.pointerEvents === "none" ||
+      node.vom.sensitive
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const frameCandidates = byFrame.get(node.frameId) ?? [];
+    frameCandidates.push({
+      document,
+      backendNodeId: node.backendNodeId,
+      x: (Math.max(0, rect.x) + Math.min(graph.viewport.width, rect.x + rect.w)) / 2,
+      y: (Math.max(0, rect.y) + Math.min(graph.viewport.height, rect.y + rect.h)) / 2,
+      stableIdentifier: stableIdentifierName(node.dom?.attrs ?? {}) !== undefined,
+    });
+    byFrame.set(node.frameId, frameCandidates);
+  }
+
+  const out: TooltipCandidate<T>[] = [];
+  for (const stableIdentifier of [true, false]) {
+    const queues = documents.map((document) =>
+      (byFrame.get(document.frameId) ?? []).filter(
+        (candidate) => candidate.stableIdentifier === stableIdentifier,
+      ),
+    );
+    for (let index = 0; queues.some((queue) => index < queue.length); index += 1) {
+      for (const queue of queues) {
+        const candidate = queue[index];
+        if (candidate) out.push(candidate);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+async function executionContextId<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  document: FrameDocument<T>,
+): Promise<number | undefined> {
+  const result = await sendToCdpTarget<{ executionContextId?: number }>(
+    cdp,
+    document.target,
+    "Page.createIsolatedWorld",
+    {
+      frameId: document.frameId,
+      worldName: "bsk-vom-tooltip",
+      grantUniveralAccess: false,
+    },
+  );
+  return result.executionContextId;
+}
+
+async function resolvedObjectId<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  document: FrameDocument<T>,
+  contextId: number,
+  backendNodeId: number,
+): Promise<string | undefined> {
+  const result = await sendToCdpTarget<{
+    object?: { objectId?: string };
+  }>(cdp, document.target, "DOM.resolveNode", {
+    backendNodeId,
+    executionContextId: contextId,
+  });
+  return result.object?.objectId;
+}
+
+async function tooltipTexts<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  document: FrameDocument<T>,
+  objectId: string,
+): Promise<string[]> {
+  const result = await sendToCdpTarget<{
+    result?: { value?: string[] };
+  }>(cdp, document.target, "Runtime.callFunctionOn", {
+    functionDeclaration: tooltipCollectorFunction(),
+    objectId,
+    returnByValue: true,
+  });
+  return result.result?.value ?? [];
+}
+
+async function releaseObject<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  document: FrameDocument<T>,
+  objectId: string,
+): Promise<void> {
+  await sendToCdpTarget(cdp, document.target, "Runtime.releaseObject", { objectId }).catch(
+    () => undefined,
+  );
+}
+
+export async function probeTooltipNames<T extends FrameOwnedAxNode>(
+  cdp: CdpRunner,
+  tabId: number,
+  documents: FrameDocument<T>[],
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  options: TooltipNameProbeOptions = {},
+): Promise<Map<string, string>> {
+  const names = new Map<string, string>();
+  const pending: TooltipCandidate<T>[] = [];
+  for (const candidate of candidates(documents, graph)) {
+    const cached = cachedName(candidate.document, candidate.backendNodeId);
+    if (cached) {
+      names.set(frameBackendKey(candidate.document.frameId, candidate.backendNodeId), cached);
+    } else if (pending.length < MAX_TOOLTIP_CANDIDATES) {
+      pending.push(candidate);
+    }
+  }
+  if (pending.length === 0) return names;
+
+  const started = Date.now();
+  const contexts = new Map<string, number>();
+  await options.hoverProbeBypassOverlay?.(tabId, true).catch(() => undefined);
+  try {
+    for (const candidate of pending) {
+      if (options.signal?.aborted) throw new DOMException("observation aborted", "AbortError");
+      if (Date.now() - started >= MAX_TOOLTIP_PROBE_MS) break;
+      let objectId: string | undefined;
+      try {
+        let contextId = contexts.get(candidate.document.frameId);
+        if (contextId === undefined) {
+          contextId = await executionContextId(cdp, candidate.document);
+          if (contextId === undefined) continue;
+          contexts.set(candidate.document.frameId, contextId);
+        }
+        objectId = await resolvedObjectId(
+          cdp,
+          candidate.document,
+          contextId,
+          candidate.backendNodeId,
+        );
+        if (!objectId) continue;
+        await clearHover(cdp, tabId);
+        const before = await tooltipTexts(cdp, candidate.document, objectId);
+        await cdp.send(tabId, "Input.dispatchMouseEvent", {
+          type: "mouseMoved",
+          x: candidate.x,
+          y: candidate.y,
+        });
+        await waitForHover(TOOLTIP_SETTLE_MS, options.signal);
+        const after = await tooltipTexts(cdp, candidate.document, objectId);
+        const name = cleanTooltipDiff(before, after);
+        if (!name) continue;
+        names.set(frameBackendKey(candidate.document.frameId, candidate.backendNodeId), name);
+        storeName(candidate.document, candidate.backendNodeId, name);
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (error instanceof Error && error.name === "AbortError") throw error;
+      } finally {
+        if (objectId) await releaseObject(cdp, candidate.document, objectId);
+        await clearHover(cdp, tabId);
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    await clearHover(cdp, tabId);
+    await options.hoverProbeBypassOverlay?.(tabId, false).catch(() => undefined);
+  }
+  return names;
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/semantic-graph/build.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import type { Viewport } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { FrameDocument } from "../frame-document";
+import {
+  frameAxKey,
+  frameBackendKey,
+  type SemanticAxNode,
+  type SemanticFrame,
+  type SemanticGraph,
+  type SemanticGraphNode,
+  type SemanticNodeId,
+} from "./types";
+
+export interface BuildSemanticGraphInput {
+  documents: FrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>[];
+  viewport: Viewport;
+  rootFrameId?: string;
+  excludedBackendNodeIds?: ReadonlySet<number>;
+}
+
+function domNodeId(frameId: string, backendNodeId: number): SemanticNodeId {
+  return JSON.stringify([frameId, "dom", backendNodeId]);
+}
+
+function axNodeId(frameId: string, nodeId: string): SemanticNodeId {
+  return JSON.stringify([frameId, "ax", nodeId]);
+}
+
+export function buildSemanticGraph(input: BuildSemanticGraphInput): SemanticGraph {
+  const rootFrameId =
+    input.rootFrameId ??
+    input.documents.find((document) => !document.parentFrameId)?.frameId ??
+    input.documents[0]?.frameId ??
+    "root";
+  const frames = new Map<string, SemanticFrame>();
+  const nodes = new Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticGraphNode>();
+  const nodeIdsByFrame = new Map<string, SemanticNodeId[]>();
+  const nodeByFrameBackend = new Map<string, SemanticNodeId>();
+  const nodeByFrameAx = new Map<string, SemanticNodeId>();
+
+  for (const [frameOrder, document] of input.documents.entries()) {
+    frames.set(document.frameId, {
+      frameId: document.frameId,
+      ...(document.parentFrameId ? { parentFrameId: document.parentFrameId } : {}),
+      ...(document.ownerBackendNodeId !== undefined
+        ? { ownerBackendNodeId: document.ownerBackendNodeId }
+        : {}),
+      contextScopeId: document.contextScopeId,
+      target: document.target,
+      ...(document.url ? { url: document.url } : {}),
+      order: frameOrder,
+    });
+
+    const frameNodeIds: SemanticNodeId[] = [];
+    nodeIdsByFrame.set(document.frameId, frameNodeIds);
+    for (const [index, dom] of document.domNodes.entries()) {
+      const id = domNodeId(document.frameId, dom.backendNodeId);
+      const node: SemanticGraphNode = {
+        id,
+        frameId: document.frameId,
+        backendNodeId: dom.backendNodeId,
+        dom,
+        sourceOrder: index,
+        excluded:
+          document.frameId === rootFrameId &&
+          input.excludedBackendNodeIds?.has(dom.backendNodeId) === true,
+      };
+      nodes.set(id, node);
+      frameNodeIds.push(id);
+      nodeByFrameBackend.set(frameBackendKey(document.frameId, dom.backendNodeId), id);
+    }
+
+    for (const [index, ax] of document.axNodes.entries()) {
+      const joinedId =
+        typeof ax.backendDOMNodeId === "number"
+          ? nodeByFrameBackend.get(frameBackendKey(document.frameId, ax.backendDOMNodeId))
+          : undefined;
+      const id = joinedId ?? axNodeId(document.frameId, ax.nodeId);
+      const existing = nodes.get(id);
+      if (existing) {
+        existing.ax = ax;
+        existing.axNodeId = ax.nodeId;
+      } else {
+        nodes.set(id, {
+          id,
+          frameId: document.frameId,
+          ...(typeof ax.backendDOMNodeId === "number"
+            ? { backendNodeId: ax.backendDOMNodeId }
+            : {}),
+          axNodeId: ax.nodeId,
+          ax,
+          sourceOrder: document.domNodes.length + index,
+          excluded:
+            document.frameId === rootFrameId &&
+            typeof ax.backendDOMNodeId === "number" &&
+            input.excludedBackendNodeIds?.has(ax.backendDOMNodeId) === true,
+        });
+        frameNodeIds.push(id);
+      }
+      nodeByFrameAx.set(frameAxKey(document.frameId, ax.nodeId), id);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const document of input.documents) {
+    for (const dom of document.domNodes) {
+      const id = nodeByFrameBackend.get(frameBackendKey(document.frameId, dom.backendNodeId));
+      const node = id ? nodes.get(id) : undefined;
+      if (!node || dom.parentBackendNodeId === null) continue;
+      node.domParentId = nodeByFrameBackend.get(
+        frameBackendKey(document.frameId, dom.parentBackendNodeId),
+      );
+    }
+    for (const ax of document.axNodes) {
+      const id = nodeByFrameAx.get(frameAxKey(document.frameId, ax.nodeId));
+      const node = id ? nodes.get(id) : undefined;
+      if (!node || !ax.parentId) continue;
+      node.axParentId = nodeByFrameAx.get(frameAxKey(document.frameId, ax.parentId));
+    }
+  }
+
+  const axChildren = new Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>();
+  const excludedQueue: SemanticNodeId[] = [];
+  for (const node of nodes.values()) {
+    if (node.axParentId) {
+      const children = axChildren.get(node.axParentId) ?? [];
+      children.push(node.id);
+      axChildren.set(node.axParentId, children);
+    }
+    if (node.excluded) excludedQueue.push(node.id);
+  }
+  for (let index = 0; index < excludedQueue.length; index += 1) {
+    for (const childId of axChildren.get(excludedQueue[index]) ?? []) {
+      const child = nodes.get(childId);
+      if (!child || child.excluded) continue;
+      child.excluded = true;
+      excludedQueue.push(childId);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const frame of frames.values()) {
+    if (!frame.parentFrameId || frame.ownerBackendNodeId === undefined) continue;
+    frame.ownerNodeId = nodeByFrameBackend.get(
+      frameBackendKey(frame.parentFrameId, frame.ownerBackendNodeId),
+    );
+  }
+
+  return {
+    viewport: input.viewport,
+    rootFrameId,
+    frames,
+    nodes,
+    nodeIdsByFrame,
+    nodeByFrameBackend,
+  };
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/semantic-graph/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import type { Viewport, VomScene } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { FrameDocument } from "../frame-document";
+import { buildSemanticGraph as buildGraph } from "./build";
+import { projectSemanticGraph as projectGraph } from "./project";
+import { resolveSemanticGraph as resolveGraph } from "./resolve";
+import { normalizeSemanticStructure as normalizeStructure } from "./structure";
+import type {
+  ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  SemanticAxNode,
+  SemanticGraph,
+  StructuredSemanticGraph,
+} from "./types";
+
+export type { SemanticAxNode } from "./types";
+
+export interface SemanticVomInput {
+  documents: FrameDocument<SemanticAxNode>[];
+  viewport: Viewport;
+  rootFrameId?: string;
+  excludedBackendNodeIds?: ReadonlySet<number>;
+}
+
+export function buildSemanticGraph(input: SemanticVomInput): SemanticGraph {
+  return buildGraph(input);
+}
+
+export function resolveSemanticGraph(
+  graph: SemanticGraph,
+  options: {
+    supplementalNames?: ReadonlyMap<string, string>;
+    identifierFallback?: boolean;
+  } = {},
+): ResolvedSemanticGraph {
+  return resolveGraph(graph, options);
+}
+
+export function normalizeSemanticStructure(graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph): StructuredSemanticGraph {
+  return normalizeStructure(graph);
+}
+
+export function projectSemanticGraph(graph: StructuredSemanticGraph): VomScene {
+  return projectGraph(graph);
+}
+
+export function buildSemanticVomScene(
+  input: SemanticVomInput & {
+    supplementalNames?: ReadonlyMap<string, string>;
+    identifierFallback?: boolean;
+  },
+): VomScene {
+  return projectSemanticGraph(
+    normalizeSemanticStructure(
+      resolveSemanticGraph(buildSemanticGraph(input), {
+        supplementalNames: input.supplementalNames,
+        identifierFallback: input.identifierFallback,
+      }),
+    ),
+  );
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/semantic-graph/name-evidence.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+const IDENTIFIER_ATTRS = ["data-testid", "data-test-id", "id"] as const;
+const GENERIC_TOKENS = new Set(["btn", "button", "control", "icon", "item", "test", "tool"]);
+const GENERATED_PREFIXES = new Set(["ember", "headlessui", "mui", "radix", "react", "rc"]);
+
+function identifierTokens(value: string): string[] {
+  return value
+    .replace(/([a-z0-9])([A-Z])/g, "$1 $2")
+    .split(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]+/)
+    .map((token) => token.toLowerCase())
+    .filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+function readableIdentifier(value: string | undefined): string | undefined {
+  const raw = value?.trim();
+  if (!raw || raw.length < 3 || raw.length > 80) return undefined;
+  if (/^[a-f0-9]{8,}$/i.test(raw)) return undefined;
+
+  const tokens = identifierTokens(raw);
+  if (GENERATED_PREFIXES.has(tokens[0])) return undefined;
+  while (tokens.length > 1 && GENERIC_TOKENS.has(tokens[0])) tokens.shift();
+  while (tokens.length > 1 && GENERIC_TOKENS.has(tokens[tokens.length - 1])) tokens.pop();
+  if (tokens.length === 0 || !tokens.some((token) => /[a-z]{3,}/.test(token))) return undefined;
+  return tokens
+    .map((token, index) => (index === 0 ? `${token[0].toUpperCase()}${token.slice(1)}` : token))
+    .join(" ");
+}
+
+export function stableIdentifierName(attrs: Readonly<Record<string, string>>): string | undefined {
+  for (const name of IDENTIFIER_ATTRS) {
+    const label = readableIdentifier(attrs[name]);
+    if (label) return label;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/semantic-graph/project.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import type { VomNode, VomScene } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { SemanticNodeId, StructuredSemanticGraph, StructuredSemanticNode } from "./types";
+
+function retained(node: StructuredSemanticNode): boolean {
+  return node.structure.kind === "keep" || node.structure.kind === "inferred-group";
+}
+
+function connectedFrameIds(graph: StructuredSemanticGraph): Set<string> {
+  const connected = new Set<string>([graph.rootFrameId]);
+  const childrenByParent = new Map<string, string[]>();
+  for (const frame of graph.frames.values()) {
+    if (!frame.parentFrameId) continue;
+    const children = childrenByParent.get(frame.parentFrameId) ?? [];
+    children.push(frame.frameId);
+    childrenByParent.set(frame.parentFrameId, children);
+  }
+  const queue = [graph.rootFrameId];
+  for (let index = 0; index < queue.length; index += 1) {
+    for (const frameId of childrenByParent.get(queue[index]) ?? []) {
+      if (connected.has(frameId)) continue;
+      const frame = graph.frames.get(frameId);
+      if (!frame?.ownerNodeId) continue;
+      const owner = graph.nodes.get(frame.ownerNodeId);
+      if (!owner || !retained(owner)) continue;
+      connected.add(frame.frameId);
+      queue.push(frame.frameId);
+    }
+  }
+  return connected;
+}
+
+function domAncestors(
+  graph: StructuredSemanticGraph,
+  node: StructuredSemanticNode,
+  numericId: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, number>,
+): number[] {
+  const ancestors: number[] = [];
+  const seen = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  let current = node.domParentId;
+  while (current && !seen.has(current)) {
+    seen.add(current);
+    const id = numericId.get(current);
+    if (id !== undefined) ancestors.push(id);
+    current = graph.nodes.get(current)?.domParentId;
+  }
+  return ancestors;
+}
+
+export function projectSemanticGraph(graph: StructuredSemanticGraph): VomScene {
+  const connectedFrames = connectedFrameIds(graph);
+  const orderedNodes = [...graph.frames.values()]
+    .filter((frame) => connectedFrames.has(frame.frameId))
+    .sort((a, b) => a.order - b.order)
+    .flatMap((frame) =>
+      (graph.nodeIdsByFrame.get(frame.frameId) ?? [])
+        .map((id) => graph.nodes.get(id))
+        .filter((node): node is StructuredSemanticNode => node !== undefined && retained(node))
+        .sort((a, b) => a.sourceOrder - b.sourceOrder),
+    );
+
+  const numericId = new Map<SemanticNodeId, number>();
+  orderedNodes.forEach((node, index) => numericId.set(node.id, index + 1));
+  const nodes: VomNode[] = orderedNodes.map((node) => ({
+    ...node.vom,
+    id: numericId.get(node.id) as number,
+    parentId: node.semanticParentId ? (numericId.get(node.semanticParentId) ?? null) : null,
+    ...(node.backendNodeId !== undefined ? { backendNodeId: node.backendNodeId } : {}),
+    frameId: node.frameId,
+    contextScopeId: graph.frames.get(node.frameId)?.contextScopeId ?? node.frameId,
+    referenceable: node.referenceable,
+    ...(node.dom
+      ? {
+          domParentId:
+            node.domParentId === undefined ? null : (numericId.get(node.domParentId) ?? null),
+          domAncestorIds: domAncestors(graph, node, numericId),
+        }
+      : {}),
+  }));
+
+  return {
+    viewport: graph.viewport,
+    nodes,
+    rootFrameId: graph.rootFrameId,
+  };
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/semantic-graph/resolve.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+import type { VomNode } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import { stableIdentifierName } from "./name-evidence";
+import type {
+  ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  ResolvedSemanticNode,
+  SemanticAxNode,
+  SemanticGraph,
+  SemanticGraphNode,
+  SemanticNodeId,
+} from "./types";
+import { frameBackendKey } from "./types";
+
+const FORM_TAGS = new Set(["input", "textarea", "select"]);
+const NATIVE_CONTROL_TAGS = new Set(["button", "input", "select", "textarea"]);
+const TEXT_AX_ROLES = new Set(["statictext", "inlinetextbox", "labeltext", "text"]);
+const INTERACTIVE_ROLES = new Set([
+  "button",
+  "checkbox",
+  "combobox",
+  "link",
+  "listbox",
+  "menuitem",
+  "menuitemcheckbox",
+  "menuitemradio",
+  "option",
+  "radio",
+  "searchbox",
+  "slider",
+  "spinbutton",
+  "switch",
+  "tab",
+  "textbox",
+  "treeitem",
+]);
+const SENSITIVE_INPUT_TYPES = new Set([
+  "password",
+  "credit-card",
+  "one-time-code",
+  "current-password",
+  "new-password",
+]);
+
+function clean(value: string | undefined): string | undefined {
+  const normalized = value?.replace(/\s+/g, " ").trim();
+  return normalized || undefined;
+}
+
+function axValue(field?: { value?: string | number | boolean }): string | undefined {
+  return field?.value === undefined ? undefined : clean(String(field.value));
+}
+
+function axProperty(node: SemanticAxNode | undefined, name: string): string | undefined {
+  return axValue(node?.properties?.find((property) => property.name === name)?.value);
+}
+
+function normalizeRole(value: string | undefined): string | undefined {
+  const role = clean(value)?.toLowerCase();
+  return role || undefined;
+}
+
+function nativeRole(tag: string, attrs: Record<string, string>): string | undefined {
+  if (tag === "button") return "button";
+  if (tag === "textarea") return "textbox";
+  if (tag === "select") return attrs.multiple === undefined ? "combobox" : "listbox";
+  if (tag === "a" && attrs.href) return "link";
+  if (tag === "iframe") return "Iframe";
+  if (tag === "dialog") return "dialog";
+  if (tag === "img") return "img";
+  if (tag === "table") return "table";
+  if (tag === "tr") return "row";
+  if (tag === "th") return "columnheader";
+  if (tag === "td") return "cell";
+  if (tag === "ul" || tag === "ol") return "list";
+  if (tag === "li") return "listitem";
+  if (/^h[1-6]$/.test(tag)) return "heading";
+  if (tag === "nav") return "navigation";
+  if (tag === "main") return "main";
+  if (tag === "form") return "form";
+  if (tag === "input") {
+    const type = (attrs.type ?? "text").toLowerCase();
+    if (type === "hidden") return undefined;
+    if (type === "checkbox") return "checkbox";
+    if (type === "radio") return "radio";
+    if (type === "range") return "slider";
+    if (type === "number") return "spinbutton";
+    if (type === "search") return "searchbox";
+    if (["button", "submit", "reset", "image"].includes(type)) return "button";
+    return "textbox";
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function domRole(tag: string, attrs: Record<string, string>): string | undefined {
+  return normalizeRole(attrs.role) ?? nativeRole(tag, attrs);
+}
+
+function resolvedRole(node: SemanticGraphNode): {
+  value?: string;
+  source: ResolvedSemanticNode["roleSource"];
+} {
+  const rawAxRole = clean(axValue(node.ax?.role));
+  const axRole = normalizeRole(rawAxRole);
+  const attrs = node.dom?.attrs ?? {};
+  const explicitDomRole = normalizeRole(attrs.role);
+  const nativeDomRole = nativeRole(node.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "", attrs);
+  const usableAxRole = node.ax?.ignored !== true;
+  if (usableAxRole && axRole && !["generic", "none", "presentation"].includes(axRole)) {
+    return { value: rawAxRole, source: "ax" };
+  }
+  if (explicitDomRole) return { value: explicitDomRole, source: "dom-explicit" };
+  if (nativeDomRole) return { value: nativeDomRole, source: "dom-native" };
+  if (rawAxRole) {
+    return { value: rawAxRole, source: usableAxRole ? "ax" : "ax-ignored" };
+  }
+  return { source: "none" };
+}
+
+function sensitive(node: SemanticGraphNode): boolean {
+  const attrs = node.dom?.attrs ?? {};
+  const type = (attrs.type ?? "").toLowerCase();
+  const autocomplete = (attrs.autocomplete ?? "").toLowerCase();
+  return (
+    type === "password" ||
+    autocomplete.startsWith("cc-") ||
+    SENSITIVE_INPUT_TYPES.has(autocomplete) ||
+    SENSITIVE_INPUT_TYPES.has(axProperty(node.ax, "inputType") ?? "")
+  );
+}
+
+function inputState(
+  node: SemanticGraphNode,
+  role: string | undefined,
+  value: string | undefined,
+  isSensitive: boolean,
+): VomNode["inputState"] {
+  if (node.dom?.formState) return node.dom.formState;
+  const tag = node.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+  if (!FORM_TAGS.has(tag) && !["textbox", "searchbox"].includes(role ?? "")) return undefined;
+  if (isSensitive) return value ? "filled" : "empty";
+  if (node.dom?.formValue !== undefined) {
+    if (node.dom.formValue === "") return "empty";
+    return node.dom.formValue === (node.dom.formDefaultValue ?? "") ? "default" : "filled";
+  }
+  return value ? "filled" : "empty";
+}
+
+function externalHrefHost(
+  href: string | undefined,
+  pageUrl: string | undefined,
+): string | undefined {
+  if (!href || !pageUrl) return undefined;
+  try {
+    const page = new URL(pageUrl);
+    const target = new URL(href, page);
+    return target.origin === page.origin ? undefined : target.hostname;
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+interface ResolveIndexes {
+  domChildren: Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>;
+  axChildren: Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>;
+  domIdIndex: Map<string, SemanticNodeId>;
+  labelForIndex: Map<string, SemanticNodeId[]>;
+  domText: (nodeId: SemanticNodeId) => string | undefined;
+  axText: (nodeId: SemanticNodeId) => string | undefined;
+  hasNativeDescendant: (nodeId: SemanticNodeId) => boolean;
+}
+
+function buildIndexes(graph: SemanticGraph): ResolveIndexes {
+  const domChildren = new Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>();
+  const axChildren = new Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>();
+  const domIdIndex = new Map<string, SemanticNodeId>();
+  const labelForIndex = new Map<string, SemanticNodeId[]>();
+  for (const node of graph.nodes.values()) {
+    if (node.domParentId) {
+      const children = domChildren.get(node.domParentId) ?? [];
+      children.push(node.id);
+      domChildren.set(node.domParentId, children);
+    }
+    if (node.axParentId) {
+      const children = axChildren.get(node.axParentId) ?? [];
+      children.push(node.id);
+      axChildren.set(node.axParentId, children);
+    }
+    const id = clean(node.dom?.attrs.id);
+    if (id) domIdIndex.set(`${node.frameId}\u0000${id}`, node.id);
+    const targetId = clean(node.dom?.attrs.for);
+    if (node.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() === "label" && targetId) {
+      const key = `${node.frameId}\u0000${targetId}`;
+      const labels = labelForIndex.get(key) ?? [];
+      labels.push(node.id);
+      labelForIndex.set(key, labels);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const [parentId, children] of axChildren) {
+    const order = graph.nodes.get(parentId)?.ax?.childIds ?? [];
+    const orderByAxId = new Map(order.map((nodeId, index) => [nodeId, index]));
+    children.sort((a, b) => {
+      const aIndex = orderByAxId.get(graph.nodes.get(a)?.axNodeId ?? "") ?? -1;
+      const bIndex = orderByAxId.get(graph.nodes.get(b)?.axNodeId ?? "") ?? -1;
+      return (
+        (aIndex < 0 ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : aIndex) -
+        (bIndex < 0 ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : bIndex)
+      );
+    });
+  }
+
+  const textMemo = new Map<SemanticNodeId, string | undefined>();
+  const resolvingText = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  const domText = (nodeId: SemanticNodeId): string | undefined => {
+    if (textMemo.has(nodeId)) return textMemo.get(nodeId);
+    if (resolvingText.has(nodeId)) return undefined;
+    resolvingText.add(nodeId);
+    const node = graph.nodes.get(nodeId);
+    const parts: string[] = [];
+    const own = clean(node?.dom?.textContent);
+    if (own) parts.push(own);
+    for (const childId of domChildren.get(nodeId) ?? []) {
+      const child = graph.nodes.get(childId);
+      const childRole = child
+        ? domRole(child.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "", child.dom?.attrs ?? {})
+        : undefined;
+      if (childRole && INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(childRole.toLowerCase())) continue;
+      const childText = domText(childId);
+      if (childText) parts.push(childText);
+      if (parts.join(" ").length >= 240) break;
+    }
+    resolvingText.delete(nodeId);
+    const result = clean(parts.join(" ").slice(0, 240));
+    textMemo.set(nodeId, result);
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  const axTextMemo = new Map<SemanticNodeId, string | undefined>();
+  const resolvingAxText = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  const axText = (nodeId: SemanticNodeId): string | undefined => {
+    if (axTextMemo.has(nodeId)) return axTextMemo.get(nodeId);
+    if (resolvingAxText.has(nodeId)) return undefined;
+    resolvingAxText.add(nodeId);
+    const complete = (value: string | undefined): string | undefined => {
+      resolvingAxText.delete(nodeId);
+      axTextMemo.set(nodeId, value);
+      return value;
+    };
+    const node = graph.nodes.get(nodeId);
+    const role = normalizeRole(axValue(node?.ax?.role)) ?? "";
+    if (TEXT_AX_ROLES.has(role)) {
+      const own = clean(axValue(node?.ax?.name) ?? axValue(node?.ax?.value));
+      if (own) return complete(own);
+    }
+    const parts: string[] = [];
+    for (const childId of axChildren.get(nodeId) ?? []) {
+      const child = graph.nodes.get(childId);
+      const childRole = normalizeRole(axValue(child?.ax?.role)) ?? "";
+      if (INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(childRole)) continue;
+      const childText = axText(childId);
+      if (childText) parts.push(childText);
+      if (parts.join(" ").length >= 240) break;
+    }
+    return complete(clean(parts.join(" ").slice(0, 240)));
+  };
+
+  const nativeMemo = new Map<SemanticNodeId, boolean>();
+  const hasNativeDescendant = (nodeId: SemanticNodeId): boolean => {
+    const cached = nativeMemo.get(nodeId);
+    if (cached !== undefined) return cached;
+    nativeMemo.set(nodeId, false);
+    for (const childId of domChildren.get(nodeId) ?? []) {
+      const child = graph.nodes.get(childId);
+      const childRole =
+        (child?.ax?.ignored === true ? undefined : normalizeRole(axValue(child?.ax?.role))) ??
+        (child ? domRole(child.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "", child.dom?.attrs ?? {}) : undefined);
+      if (
+        (child?.dom && NATIVE_CONTROL_TAGS.has(child.dom.tag.toLowerCase())) ||
+        INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(childRole ?? "") ||
+        hasNativeDescendant(childId)
+      ) {
+        nativeMemo.set(nodeId, true);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  return {
+    domChildren,
+    axChildren,
+    domIdIndex,
+    labelForIndex,
+    domText,
+    axText,
+    hasNativeDescendant,
+  };
+}
+
+function ariaLabelledText(node: SemanticGraphNode, indexes: ResolveIndexes): string | undefined {
+  const ids = (node.dom?.attrs["aria-labelledby"] ?? "").split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+  const parts = ids.flatMap((id) => {
+    const target = indexes.domIdIndex.get(`${node.frameId}\u0000${id}`);
+    return target ? (indexes.domText(target) ?? []) : [];
+  });
+  return clean(parts.join(" "));
+}
+
+function nativeLabelText(
+  node: SemanticGraphNode,
+  graph: SemanticGraph,
+  indexes: ResolveIndexes,
+): string | undefined {
+  const id = clean(node.dom?.attrs.id);
+  if (id) {
+    const labels = indexes.labelForIndex.get(`${node.frameId}\u0000${id}`) ?? [];
+    const explicit = clean(
+      labels
+        .map((labelId) => indexes.domText(labelId))
+        .filter(Boolean)
+        .join(" "),
+    );
+    if (explicit) return explicit;
+  }
+  let parentId = node.domParentId;
+  let guard = 0;
+  while (parentId && guard <= graph.nodes.size) {
+    const parent = graph.nodes.get(parentId);
+    if (!parent) break;
+    if (parent.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() === "label") return indexes.domText(parentId);
+    parentId = parent.domParentId;
+    guard += 1;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function precedingAxText(
+  node: SemanticGraphNode,
+  graph: SemanticGraph,
+  indexes: ResolveIndexes,
+): string | undefined {
+  if (!node.axParentId) return undefined;
+  const siblings = indexes.axChildren.get(node.axParentId) ?? [];
+  const index = siblings.indexOf(node.id);
+  for (let offset = 1; offset <= 4 && index - offset >= 0; offset += 1) {
+    const sibling = graph.nodes.get(siblings[index - offset]);
+    const role = normalizeRole(axValue(sibling?.ax?.role)) ?? "";
+    if (INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(role)) break;
+    if (!TEXT_AX_ROLES.has(role) && role !== "generic") continue;
+    const text = clean(axValue(sibling?.ax?.name) ?? axValue(sibling?.ax?.value))?.replace(
+      /[：:]\s*$/,
+      "",
+    );
+    if (text && text.length <= 80) return text;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function precedingDomText(
+  node: SemanticGraphNode,
+  graph: SemanticGraph,
+  indexes: ResolveIndexes,
+): string | undefined {
+  if (!node.domParentId) return undefined;
+  const siblings = indexes.domChildren.get(node.domParentId) ?? [];
+  const index = siblings.indexOf(node.id);
+  for (let offset = 1; offset <= 4 && index - offset >= 0; offset += 1) {
+    const sibling = graph.nodes.get(siblings[index - offset]);
+    const siblingRole = sibling
+      ? domRole(sibling.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "", sibling.dom?.attrs ?? {})
+      : undefined;
+    if (siblingRole && INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(siblingRole.toLowerCase())) break;
+    const text = indexes.domText(siblings[index - offset])?.replace(/[：:]\s*$/, "");
+    if (text && text.length <= 80) return text;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function resolvedName(
+  node: SemanticGraphNode,
+  role: string | undefined,
+  graph: SemanticGraph,
+  indexes: ResolveIndexes,
+  supplementalNames: ReadonlyMap<string, string>,
+  identifierFallback: boolean,
+): string | undefined {
+  const attrs = node.dom?.attrs ?? {};
+  const formControl = FORM_TAGS.has(node.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "");
+  const descendantText = indexes.domText(node.id);
+  const interactive =
+    INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(role?.toLowerCase() ?? "") ||
+    NATIVE_CONTROL_TAGS.has(node.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "");
+  const candidates = [
+    node.ax?.ignored === true ? undefined : axValue(node.ax?.name),
+    ariaLabelledText(node, indexes),
+    clean(attrs["aria-label"]),
+    nativeLabelText(node, graph, indexes),
+    clean(attrs.title),
+    clean(attrs.alt),
+    node.ax?.ignored === true ? undefined : indexes.axText(node.id),
+    descendantText,
+    formControl ? precedingAxText(node, graph, indexes) : undefined,
+    formControl ? precedingDomText(node, graph, indexes) : undefined,
+    formControl ? clean(node.dom?.formPlaceholder ?? attrs.placeholder) : undefined,
+    formControl || !interactive || node.backendNodeId === undefined
+      ? undefined
+      : clean(supplementalNames.get(frameBackendKey(node.frameId, node.backendNodeId))),
+    identifierFallback && interactive ? stableIdentifierName(attrs) : undefined,
+  ];
+  let name = candidates.find((candidate) => candidate !== undefined);
+  const hasPopup = axProperty(node.ax, "hasPopup");
+  if (name && hasPopup && hasPopup !== "false") {
+    name =
+      axProperty(node.ax, "expanded") === "true" ? `${name} [expanded]` : `${name} [has-submenu]`;
+  }
+  if (!name && role?.toLowerCase() === "iframe") return clean(attrs.id);
+  return name;
+}
+
+function insideNative(node: SemanticGraphNode, graph: SemanticGraph): boolean {
+  let parentId = node.domParentId;
+  let guard = 0;
+  while (parentId && guard <= graph.nodes.size) {
+    const parent = graph.nodes.get(parentId);
+    if (!parent) break;
+    if (parent.dom && NATIVE_CONTROL_TAGS.has(parent.dom.tag.toLowerCase())) return true;
+    parentId = parent.domParentId;
+    guard += 1;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function nearbyText(
+  node: SemanticGraphNode,
+  graph: SemanticGraph,
+  indexes: ResolveIndexes,
+): string | undefined {
+  if (!node.domParentId) return undefined;
+  const siblings = indexes.domChildren.get(node.domParentId) ?? [];
+  const index = siblings.indexOf(node.id);
+  if (index < 0) return undefined;
+  const texts = siblings
+    .slice(Math.max(0, index - 3), index + 4)
+    .filter((id) => id !== node.id)
+    .flatMap((id) => indexes.domText(id) ?? [])
+    .slice(0, 3);
+  return clean(texts.join(" "));
+}
+
+export function resolveSemanticGraph(
+  graph: SemanticGraph,
+  options: {
+    supplementalNames?: ReadonlyMap<string, string>;
+    identifierFallback?: boolean;
+  } = {},
+): ResolvedSemanticGraph {
+  const indexes = buildIndexes(graph);
+  const supplementalNames = options.supplementalNames ?? new Map<string, string>();
+  const identifierFallback = options.identifierFallback ?? true;
+  const nodes = new Map<SemanticNodeId, ResolvedSemanticNode>();
+  for (const node of graph.nodes.values()) {
+    const roleResolution = resolvedRole(node);
+    const role = roleResolution.value;
+    const name = resolvedName(node, role, graph, indexes, supplementalNames, identifierFallback);
+    const isSensitive = sensitive(node);
+    const sourceValue = node.dom?.formValue ?? axValue(node.ax?.value);
+    const value = isSensitive ? undefined : sourceValue;
+    const attrs = { ...(node.dom?.attrs ?? {}) };
+    if (isSensitive) delete attrs.value;
+    const frame = graph.frames.get(node.frameId);
+    const tag = node.dom?.tag.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+    const vom: ResolvedSemanticNode["vom"] = {
+      tag,
+      rect: node.dom?.rect ?? null,
+      paintOrder: node.dom?.paintOrder ?? 0,
+      position: node.dom?.position || "static",
+      pointerEvents: node.dom?.pointerEvents || "auto",
+      ...(node.dom?.cursor ? { cursor: node.dom.cursor } : {}),
+      ...(role ? { role } : {}),
+      ...(name ? { name } : {}),
+      ...(value !== undefined ? { value } : {}),
+      ...(clean(node.dom?.formPlaceholder ?? attrs.placeholder)
+        ? { placeholder: clean(node.dom?.formPlaceholder ?? attrs.placeholder) }
+        : {}),
+      attrs,
+      ...(clean(node.dom?.textContent) ? { text: clean(node.dom?.textContent) } : {}),
+      ...(nearbyText(node, graph, indexes) ? { nearbyText: nearbyText(node, graph, indexes) } : {}),
+      inputState: inputState(node, role, sourceValue, isSensitive),
+      sensitive: isSensitive,
+      modal:
+        ["dialog", "alertdialog"].includes(role?.toLowerCase() ?? "") ||
+        tag === "dialog" ||
+        (attrs["aria-modal"] ?? "").toLowerCase() === "true",
+      disabled:
+        Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, "disabled") ||
+        (attrs["aria-disabled"] ?? "").toLowerCase() === "true",
+      inert: Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, "inert"),
+      hasNativeDescendant: indexes.hasNativeDescendant(node.id),
+      insideNative: insideNative(node, graph),
+      ...(role?.toLowerCase() === "link" ? { href: externalHrefHost(attrs.href, frame?.url) } : {}),
+    };
+    const selected = node.ax?.ignored === true ? undefined : axProperty(node.ax, "selected");
+    const expanded = node.ax?.ignored === true ? undefined : axProperty(node.ax, "expanded");
+    const controls = node.ax?.ignored === true ? undefined : axProperty(node.ax, "controls");
+    if (selected === "true" && !vom.attrs?.["aria-selected"]) {
+      vom.attrs = { ...(vom.attrs ?? {}), "aria-selected": "true" };
+    }
+    if (expanded === "true" && !vom.attrs?.["aria-expanded"]) {
+      vom.attrs = { ...(vom.attrs ?? {}), "aria-expanded": "true" };
+    }
+    if (controls && !vom.attrs?.["aria-controls"]) {
+      vom.attrs = { ...(vom.attrs ?? {}), "aria-controls": controls };
+    }
+    nodes.set(node.id, {
+      ...node,
+      vom,
+      referenceable: node.backendNodeId !== undefined,
+      roleSource: roleResolution.source,
+    });
+  }
+  return { ...graph, nodes };
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/semantic-graph/structure.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+import {
+  applyVomInteractionRecovery,
+  isVomReferenceNode,
+  isVomStructuralRole,
+  type VomNode,
+} from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type {
+  ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  ResolvedSemanticNode,
+  SemanticNodeId,
+  StructureDecision,
+  StructuredSemanticGraph,
+  StructuredSemanticNode,
+} from "./types";
+
+const TRANSPARENT_ROLES = new Set(["", "generic", "none", "presentation", "inlinetextbox"]);
+const ROOT_ROLES = new Set(["rootwebarea", "webarea"]);
+const CONTENT_BOUNDARY_ROLES = new Set([
+  "article",
+  "dialog",
+  "document",
+  "feed",
+  "form",
+  "grid",
+  "heading",
+  "iframe",
+  "list",
+  "main",
+  "navigation",
+  "paragraph",
+  "region",
+  "section",
+  "table",
+  "tree",
+]);
+
+function hasMeaningfulRelations(node: ResolvedSemanticNode): boolean {
+  const attrs = node.vom.attrs ?? {};
+  return ["aria-controls", "aria-labelledby", "aria-owns", "aria-describedby"].some((name) =>
+    attrs[name]?.trim(),
+  );
+}
+
+function explicitStructural(node: ResolvedSemanticNode): boolean {
+  return (
+    isVomStructuralRole(node.vom.role) &&
+    node.roleSource !== "none" &&
+    node.roleSource !== "ax-ignored"
+  );
+}
+
+function hasUsableAxSemantics(node: ResolvedSemanticNode): boolean {
+  return node.ax !== undefined && node.ax.ignored !== true;
+}
+
+function isRenderedDomFallback(node: ResolvedSemanticNode): boolean {
+  if (!node.dom) return false;
+  const attrs = node.dom.attrs;
+  if (
+    Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, "hidden") ||
+    Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(attrs, "inert") ||
+    (attrs["aria-hidden"] ?? "").toLowerCase() === "true"
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return node.dom.rendered ?? (node.dom.localRect != null || node.dom.rect != null);
+}
+
+function initialParentId(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  node: ResolvedSemanticNode,
+): SemanticNodeId | undefined {
+  let parentId = node.axParentId ?? node.domParentId;
+  if (node.axParentId && node.domParentId && node.axParentId !== node.domParentId) {
+    const axParent = graph.nodes.get(node.axParentId);
+    const axRole = axParent?.vom.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+    const meaningfulAxParent =
+      axParent !== undefined &&
+      !ROOT_ROLES.has(axRole) &&
+      (explicitStructural(axParent) ||
+        !TRANSPARENT_ROLES.has(axRole) ||
+        Boolean(axParent.vom.name || axParent.vom.text || hasMeaningfulRelations(axParent)));
+    parentId = meaningfulAxParent ? node.axParentId : node.domParentId;
+  }
+  if (parentId) return parentId;
+  if (node.frameId === graph.rootFrameId) return undefined;
+  return graph.frames.get(node.frameId)?.ownerNodeId;
+}
+
+function orderedNodes(graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph): ResolvedSemanticNode[] {
+  return [...graph.frames.values()]
+    .sort((a, b) => a.order - b.order)
+    .flatMap((frame) =>
+      (graph.nodeIdsByFrame.get(frame.frameId) ?? [])
+        .map((id) => graph.nodes.get(id))
+        .filter((node): node is ResolvedSemanticNode => node !== undefined)
+        .sort((a, b) => a.sourceOrder - b.sourceOrder),
+    );
+}
+
+function recoveredNodes(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  nodes: ResolvedSemanticNode[],
+): Map<SemanticNodeId, VomNode> {
+  const numericId = new Map(nodes.map((node, index) => [node.id, index + 1]));
+  const semanticId = new Map([...numericId].map(([id, numeric]) => [numeric, id]));
+  const provisional = nodes.map((node) => ({
+    ...node.vom,
+    id: numericId.get(node.id) as number,
+    parentId: (() => {
+      const parent = initialParentId(graph, node);
+      return parent ? (numericId.get(parent) ?? null) : null;
+    })(),
+    ...(node.backendNodeId !== undefined ? { backendNodeId: node.backendNodeId } : {}),
+    frameId: node.frameId,
+    contextScopeId: graph.frames.get(node.frameId)?.contextScopeId ?? node.frameId,
+    referenceable: node.referenceable,
+  }));
+  return new Map(
+    applyVomInteractionRecovery(provisional).flatMap((node) => {
+      const id = semanticId.get(node.id);
+      return id ? [[id, node] as const] : [];
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+function redundantSourceNodes(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  nodes: ResolvedSemanticNode[],
+  recovered: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, VomNode>,
+): Set<SemanticNodeId> {
+  const byKey = new Map<string, ResolvedSemanticNode[]>();
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    const output = recovered.get(node.id) as VomNode;
+    const name = output.name?.trim().toLowerCase() ?? "";
+    if (!name || !isVomReferenceNode({ ...output, referenceable: true })) continue;
+    const key = `${node.frameId}\u0000${initialParentId(graph, node) ?? ""}\u0000${output.role?.toLowerCase() ?? ""}\u0000${name}\u0000${output.sensitive === true}`;
+    const matches = byKey.get(key) ?? [];
+    matches.push(node);
+    byKey.set(key, matches);
+  }
+  const redundant = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  for (const matches of byKey.values()) {
+    const axOnly = matches.filter((node) => node.ax && !node.dom);
+    const domOnly = matches.filter((node) => node.dom && !node.ax);
+    if (matches.length === 2 && axOnly.length === 1 && domOnly.length === 1) {
+      redundant.add(domOnly[0].id);
+    }
+  }
+  return redundant;
+}
+
+function baseDecision(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  node: ResolvedSemanticNode,
+  output: VomNode,
+  frameOwnerIds: ReadonlySet<SemanticNodeId>,
+  redundant: ReadonlySet<SemanticNodeId>,
+): StructureDecision {
+  if (node.excluded) return { kind: "excluded", reason: "excluded" };
+  if (redundant.has(node.id)) return { kind: "excluded", reason: "redundant-source" };
+  if (!hasUsableAxSemantics(node) && !isRenderedDomFallback(node)) {
+    return { kind: "excluded", reason: "non-rendered-dom-fallback" };
+  }
+  if (frameOwnerIds.has(node.id)) return { kind: "keep", reason: "frame-owner" };
+  if (node.frameId !== graph.rootFrameId && ROOT_ROLES.has(output.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "")) {
+    return { kind: "transparent", reason: "child-document-root" };
+  }
+  if (node.ax?.ignored === true && !node.dom) {
+    return { kind: "transparent", reason: "ax-ignored" };
+  }
+  const role = output.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+  if (!TRANSPARENT_ROLES.has(role)) return { kind: "keep", reason: "semantic" };
+  if (
+    output.name ||
+    output.text ||
+    output.value ||
+    output.placeholder ||
+    hasMeaningfulRelations(node) ||
+    (output.rect && ["fixed", "sticky"].includes(output.position))
+  ) {
+    return { kind: "keep", reason: "semantic" };
+  }
+  return { kind: "transparent", reason: "wrapper" };
+}
+
+function buildChildren(
+  nodes: ResolvedSemanticNode[],
+  relation: "axParentId" | "domParentId",
+): Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]> {
+  const children = new Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>();
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    const parentId = node[relation];
+    if (!parentId) continue;
+    const siblings = children.get(parentId) ?? [];
+    siblings.push(node.id);
+    children.set(parentId, siblings);
+  }
+  return children;
+}
+
+function explicitDomAncestors(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  nodes: ResolvedSemanticNode[],
+  domChildren: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>,
+): Set<SemanticNodeId> {
+  const inside = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  const roots = nodes.filter((node) => !node.domParentId);
+  const queue = roots.map((node) => node.id);
+  for (let index = 0; index < queue.length; index += 1) {
+    const parentId = queue[index];
+    const parent = graph.nodes.get(parentId);
+    const parentIsBoundary =
+      parent !== undefined &&
+      explicitStructural(parent) &&
+      !ROOT_ROLES.has(parent.vom.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "");
+    for (const childId of domChildren.get(parentId) ?? []) {
+      if (inside.has(parentId) || parentIsBoundary) inside.add(childId);
+      queue.push(childId);
+    }
+  }
+  return inside;
+}
+
+function reliableGroupCandidates(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  nodes: ResolvedSemanticNode[],
+  recovered: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, VomNode>,
+  decisions: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, StructureDecision>,
+  domChildren: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>,
+): Set<SemanticNodeId> {
+  const insideExplicitStructure = explicitDomAncestors(graph, nodes, domChildren);
+  const remainingChildren = new Map(
+    nodes.map((node) => [node.id, domChildren.get(node.id)?.length ?? 0]),
+  );
+  const summaries = new Map<SemanticNodeId, { blocked: boolean; interactions: number }>();
+  const queue = nodes
+    .filter((node) => (remainingChildren.get(node.id) ?? 0) === 0)
+    .map((node) => node.id);
+  for (let index = 0; index < queue.length; index += 1) {
+    const nodeId = queue[index];
+    const node = graph.nodes.get(nodeId);
+    const output = recovered.get(nodeId);
+    if (!node || !output) continue;
+    const role = output.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+    const excluded = decisions.get(nodeId)?.kind === "excluded";
+    const blocked = excluded || explicitStructural(node) || CONTENT_BOUNDARY_ROLES.has(role);
+    const summary = excluded
+      ? { blocked: true, interactions: 0 }
+      : isVomReferenceNode(output)
+        ? { blocked: false, interactions: 1 }
+        : blocked
+          ? { blocked: true, interactions: 0 }
+          : (domChildren.get(nodeId) ?? []).reduce(
+              (combined, childId) => {
+                const child = summaries.get(childId);
+                return {
+                  blocked: combined.blocked || !child || child.blocked,
+                  interactions: Math.min(2, combined.interactions + (child?.interactions ?? 0)),
+                };
+              },
+              { blocked: false, interactions: 0 },
+            );
+    summaries.set(nodeId, summary);
+    const parentId = node.domParentId;
+    if (!parentId) continue;
+    const remaining = (remainingChildren.get(parentId) ?? 1) - 1;
+    remainingChildren.set(parentId, remaining);
+    if (remaining === 0) queue.push(parentId);
+  }
+
+  const candidates = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    const output = recovered.get(node.id) as VomNode;
+    const role = output.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
+    if (
+      !node.dom ||
+      node.dom.tag.toLowerCase() !== "div" ||
+      !TRANSPARENT_ROLES.has(role) ||
+      insideExplicitStructure.has(node.id) ||
+      decisions.get(node.id)?.kind === "excluded" ||
+      node.dom.attrs.hidden !== undefined ||
+      (node.dom.attrs["aria-hidden"] ?? "").toLowerCase() === "true" ||
+      node.dom.attrs.inert !== undefined
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const branches = (domChildren.get(node.id) ?? []).map((id) => summaries.get(id));
+    const blocked = branches.some((summary) => !summary || summary.blocked);
+    const contributingBranches = branches.filter(
+      (summary) => (summary?.interactions ?? 0) > 0,
+    ).length;
+    const interactions = branches.reduce(
+      (count, summary) => Math.min(2, count + (summary?.interactions ?? 0)),
+      0,
+    );
+    if (!blocked && contributingBranches >= 2 && interactions >= 2) {
+      candidates.add(node.id);
+    }
+  }
+  return candidates;
+}
+
+function leafCandidates(
+  nodes: ResolvedSemanticNode[],
+  candidates: ReadonlySet<SemanticNodeId>,
+  domChildren: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId[]>,
+): Set<SemanticNodeId> {
+  const parentById = new Map(
+    nodes.flatMap((node) => (node.domParentId ? ([[node.id, node.domParentId]] as const) : [])),
+  );
+  const childCount = new Map(nodes.map((node) => [node.id, domChildren.get(node.id)?.length ?? 0]));
+  const containsCandidate = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  const queue = nodes.filter((node) => (childCount.get(node.id) ?? 0) === 0).map((node) => node.id);
+  const selected = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  for (let index = 0; index < queue.length; index += 1) {
+    const nodeId = queue[index];
+    if (candidates.has(nodeId) && !containsCandidate.has(nodeId)) selected.add(nodeId);
+    const parentId = parentById.get(nodeId);
+    if (!parentId) continue;
+    if (candidates.has(nodeId) || containsCandidate.has(nodeId)) containsCandidate.add(parentId);
+    const remaining = (childCount.get(parentId) ?? 1) - 1;
+    childCount.set(parentId, remaining);
+    if (remaining === 0) queue.push(parentId);
+  }
+  return selected;
+}
+
+function nearestKept(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  startId: SemanticNodeId | undefined,
+  relation: "axParentId" | "domParentId",
+  kept: ReadonlySet<SemanticNodeId>,
+  memo: Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId | undefined>,
+): SemanticNodeId | undefined {
+  let currentId = startId;
+  const path: SemanticNodeId[] = [];
+  const seen = new Set<SemanticNodeId>();
+  let result: SemanticNodeId | undefined;
+  while (currentId && !seen.has(currentId)) {
+    if (kept.has(currentId)) {
+      result = currentId;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (memo.has(currentId)) {
+      result = memo.get(currentId);
+      break;
+    }
+    seen.add(currentId);
+    path.push(currentId);
+    currentId = graph.nodes.get(currentId)?.[relation];
+  }
+  for (const id of path) memo.set(id, result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+function finalParentId(
+  graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph,
+  node: ResolvedSemanticNode,
+  kept: ReadonlySet<SemanticNodeId>,
+  decisions: ReadonlyMap<SemanticNodeId, StructureDecision>,
+  axParentMemo: Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId | undefined>,
+  domParentMemo: Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId | undefined>,
+): SemanticNodeId | undefined {
+  const axParent = nearestKept(graph, node.axParentId, "axParentId", kept, axParentMemo);
+  const domParent = nearestKept(graph, node.domParentId, "domParentId", kept, domParentMemo);
+  const axNode = axParent ? graph.nodes.get(axParent) : undefined;
+  const domNode = domParent ? graph.nodes.get(domParent) : undefined;
+  const axIsRoot = ROOT_ROLES.has(axNode?.vom.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "");
+  const axIsExplicit = axNode ? explicitStructural(axNode) && !axIsRoot : false;
+  const domIsStructural =
+    domNode !== undefined &&
+    (explicitStructural(domNode) || decisions.get(domNode.id)?.kind === "inferred-group");
+  if (axIsExplicit) return axParent;
+  if (domIsStructural) return domParent;
+  if (axParent && !axIsRoot) return axParent;
+  if (domParent) return domParent;
+  if (axParent) return axParent;
+  if (node.frameId === graph.rootFrameId) return undefined;
+  return graph.frames.get(node.frameId)?.ownerNodeId;
+}
+
+function recoveredVom(node: VomNode, inferredGroup: boolean): ResolvedSemanticNode["vom"] {
+  const {
+    id: _id,
+    parentId: _parentId,
+    backendNodeId: _backendNodeId,
+    frameId: _frameId,
+    contextScopeId: _contextScopeId,
+    referenceable: _referenceable,
+    ...vom
+  } = node;
+  if (!inferredGroup) return vom;
+  const { name: _name, text: _text, nearbyText: _nearbyText, ...groupVom } = vom;
+  return { ...groupVom, role: "group" };
+}
+
+export function normalizeSemanticStructure(graph: ResolvedSemanticGraph): StructuredSemanticGraph {
+  const nodes = orderedNodes(graph);
+  const recovered = recoveredNodes(graph, nodes);
+  const redundant = redundantSourceNodes(graph, nodes, recovered);
+  const frameOwnerIds = new Set(
+    [...graph.frames.values()].flatMap((frame) => frame.ownerNodeId ?? []),
+  );
+  const decisions = new Map<SemanticNodeId, StructureDecision>();
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    decisions.set(
+      node.id,
+      baseDecision(graph, node, recovered.get(node.id) as VomNode, frameOwnerIds, redundant),
+    );
+  }
+
+  const domChildren = buildChildren(nodes, "domParentId");
+  const candidates = reliableGroupCandidates(graph, nodes, recovered, decisions, domChildren);
+  for (const nodeId of leafCandidates(nodes, candidates, domChildren)) {
+    decisions.set(nodeId, {
+      kind: "inferred-group",
+      reason: "independent-interaction-branches",
+    });
+  }
+
+  const kept = new Set(
+    nodes
+      .filter((node) => {
+        const kind = decisions.get(node.id)?.kind;
+        return kind === "keep" || kind === "inferred-group";
+      })
+      .map((node) => node.id),
+  );
+  const axParentMemo = new Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId | undefined>();
+  const domParentMemo = new Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticNodeId | undefined>();
+  const structuredNodes = new Map<SemanticNodeId, StructuredSemanticNode>();
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    const structure = decisions.get(node.id) as StructureDecision;
+    const inferredGroup = structure.kind === "inferred-group";
+    structuredNodes.set(node.id, {
+      ...node,
+      vom: recoveredVom(recovered.get(node.id) as VomNode, inferredGroup),
+      structure,
+      ...(kept.has(node.id)
+        ? {
+            semanticParentId: finalParentId(
+              graph,
+              node,
+              kept,
+              decisions,
+              axParentMemo,
+              domParentMemo,
+            ),
+          }
+        : {}),
+    });
+  }
+  return { ...graph, nodes: structuredNodes };
+}

apps/extension/src/tools/vom/semantic-graph/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import type { Viewport, VomNode } from "@browser-skill/vom";
+import type { CdpTarget } from "@/browser-driver/frame-graph";
+import type { CapturedNode } from "../capture";
+
+export interface SemanticAxNode {
+  nodeId: string;
+  frameId?: string;
+  parentId?: string;
+  backendDOMNodeId?: number;
+  ignored?: boolean;
+  role?: { type: string; value?: string };
+  name?: { type: string; value?: string };
+  description?: { value?: string };
+  value?: { value?: string | number | boolean };
+  properties?: Array<{ name?: string; value?: { value?: string | number | boolean } }>;
+  childIds?: string[];
+}
+
+export type SemanticNodeId = string;
+
+export interface SemanticFrame {
+  frameId: string;
+  parentFrameId?: string;
+  ownerBackendNodeId?: number;
+  ownerNodeId?: SemanticNodeId;
+  contextScopeId: string;
+  target: CdpTarget;
+  url?: string;
+  order: number;
+}
+
+export interface SemanticGraphNode {
+  id: SemanticNodeId;
+  frameId: string;
+  backendNodeId?: number;
+  axNodeId?: string;
+  ax?: SemanticAxNode;
+  dom?: CapturedNode;
+  axParentId?: SemanticNodeId;
+  domParentId?: SemanticNodeId;
+  sourceOrder: number;
+  excluded: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface SemanticGraph {
+  viewport: Viewport;
+  rootFrameId: string;
+  frames: Map<string, SemanticFrame>;
+  nodes: Map<SemanticNodeId, SemanticGraphNode>;
+  nodeIdsByFrame: Map<string, SemanticNodeId[]>;
+  nodeByFrameBackend: Map<string, SemanticNodeId>;
+}
+
+export interface ResolvedSemanticNode extends SemanticGraphNode {
+  vom: Omit<VomNode, "id" | "parentId" | "backendNodeId" | "frameId" | "contextScopeId">;
+  referenceable: boolean;
+  roleSource: "ax" | "ax-ignored" | "dom-explicit" | "dom-native" | "none";
+}
+
+export interface ResolvedSemanticGraph extends Omit<SemanticGraph, "nodes"> {
+  nodes: Map<SemanticNodeId, ResolvedSemanticNode>;
+}
+
+export type StructureDecision =
+  | { kind: "keep"; reason: "semantic" | "frame-owner" }
+  | { kind: "inferred-group"; reason: "independent-interaction-branches" }
+  | { kind: "transparent"; reason: "wrapper" | "child-document-root" | "ax-ignored" }
+  | {
+      kind: "excluded";
+      reason: "excluded" | "redundant-source" | "non-rendered-dom-fallback";
+    };
+
+export interface StructuredSemanticNode extends ResolvedSemanticNode {
+  structure: StructureDecision;
+  semanticParentId?: SemanticNodeId;
+}
+
+export interface StructuredSemanticGraph extends Omit<ResolvedSemanticGraph, "nodes"> {
+  nodes: Map<SemanticNodeId, StructuredSemanticNode>;
+}
+
+export function frameBackendKey(frameId: string, backendNodeId: number): string {
+  return `${frameId}\u0000${backendNodeId}`;
+}
+
+export function frameAxKey(frameId: string, axNodeId: string): string {
+  return `${frameId}\u0000${axNodeId}`;
+}

packages/vom/src/__tests__/render.test.ts

@@ -333,6 +333,84 @@ describe("renderVom single-layer page", () => {
     expect(coreRefs(out.refs)).toEqual([{ ref: "e1", backendNodeId: 2 }]);
   });
 
+  it("does not treat implementation CSS classes as control names", () => {
+    const out = renderVom(
+      scene([
+        node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", name: "Doc" }),
+        node({
+          id: 2,
+          parentId: 1,
+          role: "generic",
+          cursor: "pointer",
+          attrs: { onclick: "handleClick()" },
+          rect: { x: 20, y: 20, w: 40, h: 40 },
+        }),
+        node({
+          id: 3,
+          parentId: 2,
+          role: "img",
+          tag: "svg",
+          attrs: { class: "kocomz" },
+        }),
+      ]),
+    );
+
+    expect(out.text).not.toContain("kocomz");
+    expect(out.refs).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("recovers icon controls only from explicit semantic icon evidence", () => {
+    const out = renderVom(
+      scene([
+        node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", name: "Doc" }),
+        node({
+          id: 2,
+          parentId: 1,
+          role: "generic",
+          cursor: "pointer",
+          attrs: { onclick: "handleFilter()" },
+          rect: { x: 20, y: 20, w: 40, h: 40 },
+        }),
+        node({
+          id: 3,
+          parentId: 2,
+          role: "img",
+          tag: "svg",
+          attrs: { "aria-label": "Filter rows", class: "kocomz" },
+        }),
+      ]),
+    );
+
+    expect(out.text).toContain('@e1 button "Filter rows"');
+    expect(coreRefs(out.refs)).toEqual([{ ref: "e1", backendNodeId: 2 }]);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps a semantic image as evidence for its clickable wrapper", () => {
+    const out = renderVom(
+      scene([
+        node({ id: 1, role: "RootWebArea", name: "Doc" }),
+        node({
+          id: 2,
+          parentId: 1,
+          role: "generic",
+          cursor: "pointer",
+          rect: { x: 20, y: 20, w: 40, h: 40 },
+        }),
+        node({
+          id: 3,
+          parentId: 2,
+          role: "img",
+          name: "Account",
+          cursor: "pointer",
+          tag: "div",
+        }),
+      ]),
+    );
+
+    expect(out.text).toContain('@e1 button "Account"');
+    expect(coreRefs(out.refs)).toEqual([{ ref: "e1", backendNodeId: 2 }]);
+  });
+
   it("keeps the deepest custom control when wrapper and child both look clickable", () => {
     const out = renderVom(
       scene([

packages/vom/src/index.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-export { applyVomInteractionRecovery, isVomReferenceNode, renderVom } from "./render";
+export {
+  applyVomInteractionRecovery,
+  isVomReferenceNode,
+  isVomStructuralRole,
+  renderVom,
+} from "./render";
 export type {
   ActiveScopeBlock,
   BlockingLayer,

packages/vom/src/render.ts

@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@ const STRUCTURAL_ROLES = new Set([
   "webarea",
 ]);
 
+export function isVomStructuralRole(role: string | undefined): boolean {
+  return STRUCTURAL_ROLES.has(role?.toLowerCase() ?? "");
+}
+
 const SENSITIVE_MASK = "•••";
 const DEFAULT_MAX_DEPTH = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
 const DEFAULT_MAX_TOKENS = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
@@ -193,13 +197,16 @@ function shouldRender(node: VomNode): boolean {
   const role = normalizedRole(node);
   if (SKIP_ROLES.has(role)) return false;
   if (INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(role)) return true;
-  if (STRUCTURAL_ROLES.has(role)) return true;
+  if (isVomStructuralRole(role)) return true;
 
   return cleaned(node.name) !== undefined;
 }
 
 export function isVomReferenceNode(node: VomNode): boolean {
-  return INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(normalizedRole(node)) || isUrlBearingStructuralAction(node);
+  return (
+    node.referenceable !== false &&
+    (INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(normalizedRole(node)) || isUrlBearingStructuralAction(node))
+  );
 }
 
 function hasRecoveryHandler(node: VomNode): boolean {
@@ -219,14 +226,30 @@ function isContentEditable(node: VomNode): boolean {
   return contentEditable === "true" || contentEditable === "plaintext-only";
 }
 
-function iconKeyword(value: string | undefined): string | undefined {
-  const cleanedValue = cleaned(value);
-  if (!cleanedValue) return undefined;
-  const last = cleanedValue
-    .split(/[#/.\s:_-]+/)
+const ICON_REFERENCE_MARKERS = new Set(["glyph", "icon", "icons", "symbol"]);
+const ICON_REFERENCE_DECORATORS = new Set(["fill", "filled", "line", "outline", "outlined"]);
+
+function iconReferenceName(value: string | undefined): string | undefined {
+  const reference = cleaned(value);
+  if (!reference) return undefined;
+  const fragment = reference.includes("#") ? reference.slice(reference.lastIndexOf("#") + 1) : "";
+  const tokens = (fragment || reference)
+    ?.split(/[#/.\s:_-]+/)
     .filter(Boolean)
-    .pop();
-  return last && /^[a-z][a-z0-9_-]{1,32}$/i.test(last) ? last.toLowerCase() : undefined;
+    .map((token) => token.toLowerCase());
+  if (tokens.length === 0) return undefined;
+  if (fragment) {
+    const semanticTokens = tokens.filter(
+      (token) => !ICON_REFERENCE_MARKERS.has(token) && !ICON_REFERENCE_DECORATORS.has(token),
+    );
+    return semanticTokens.length > 0 ? semanticTokens.join(" ") : undefined;
+  }
+  const marker = tokens.findLastIndex((token) => ICON_REFERENCE_MARKERS.has(token));
+  if (marker < 0) return undefined;
+  const semanticTokens = tokens
+    .slice(marker + 1)
+    .filter((token) => !ICON_REFERENCE_DECORATORS.has(token));
+  return semanticTokens.length > 0 ? semanticTokens.join(" ") : undefined;
 }
 
 function iconHintFromSubtree(
@@ -238,12 +261,12 @@ function iconHintFromSubtree(
   for (const child of children.get(node.id) ?? []) {
     const attrs = child.attrs ?? {};
     const hint =
-      iconKeyword(attrs["aria-label"]) ??
-      iconKeyword(attrs.title) ??
-      iconKeyword(attrs.href) ??
-      iconKeyword(attrs["xlink:href"]) ??
-      iconKeyword(attrs.class) ??
-      iconKeyword(child.text);
+      cleaned(attrs["aria-label"]) ??
+      cleaned(attrs.title) ??
+      (normalizedRole(child) === "img" ? cleaned(child.name) : undefined) ??
+      (["img", "svg", "use"].includes(normalizedTag(child))
+        ? (iconReferenceName(attrs.href) ?? iconReferenceName(attrs["xlink:href"]))
+        : undefined);
     if (hint) return hint;
     const nested = iconHintFromSubtree(child, children, depth + 1);
     if (nested) return nested;
@@ -269,6 +292,7 @@ function recoveredRole(
   node: VomNode,
   children?: Map<number | null, VomNode[]>,
 ): string | undefined {
+  const currentRole = normalizedRole(node);
   const explicitRole = node.attrs?.role?.toLowerCase() ?? "";
   const hasHandler = hasRecoveryHandler(node);
   const focusable = isFocusable(node);
@@ -290,7 +314,9 @@ function recoveredRole(
       : "button";
   }
   if (hasHandler && hasName) return "button";
-  if (node.cursor === "pointer" && hasName) return "button";
+  if ((!currentRole || SKIP_ROLES.has(currentRole)) && node.cursor === "pointer" && hasName) {
+    return "button";
+  }
   return undefined;
 }
 

packages/vom/src/types.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ export interface VomNode {
   backendNodeId?: number;
   frameId?: string;
   contextScopeId?: string;
+  /** False for semantic-only nodes that cannot be addressed through CDP. */
+  referenceable?: boolean;
 
   role?: string;
   name?: string;